Colonial Flashcards
Advance in technology (6)
A. Barbed wires help control cattle without people (saves money)
b. Refrigeration expands exports to more than just salted jerky
c. Although there was a lack of transportation infrastructure early on, several
decades later, railroads greatly helped all countries economies increase trade.
d. Steamships
e. Alfalfa
f. Telegraph lines helped with quicker communication
Export economies (Paraguay, Argentina, Peru, Brazil)
In Paraguay for example, under Francia, there was to be no crops exported.
In Argentina, under Mitre, export led the economy.
Peru exported guano (bird poop) to make money
Brazil exported coffee and sugar.
Industrial revolution occurred when?
1850’s-1875 ish
Dependency situation (debt) with the countries
They were in massive debt because after war they need money and receive it from Britain along with weapons that they bought with their already borrowed money.
Agustin de Iturbide
A.Proposed the Plan of Iguala
i. Moves crown from Madrid to Mexico City
B.Was originally a royalist supporting Spain until the liberal majority staged a coup in Spain and therefore the conservatives demanded immediate independence. He took over as the first emperor of Mexico, but was soon overthrown by General Santa Anna and later killed.
Plan of Iguala
Itrubide’s plan called for an independent Mexico ruled by a European prince (or by a Mexican—i.e., Iturbide himself—if no European could be found), retention by the Roman Catholic Church and the military of all of their powers, equal rights for creoles and peninsulares, and elimination of property confiscations.
Mines of silver
a. Mexican and Peruvian silver mines were flooded and wrecked during the wars of independence by a spiteful Spain.
b. These mines had been a source of economic capital for Mexico and Peru and therefore their destruction hit their respective countries very hard.
Santa Anna
a. General Santa Anna was a famous Latin American caudillo, rascal, and political opportunist. He was a Creole who fought (in Mexico) against the patriot cause of Hidalgo and Morelos, accepted Iturbide, and then helped overthrow him. During the 1830s and 40s, thanks to his power over the army, helped him overthrow and install presidents seemingly at will, including himself several times (oscillating between conservatisms and liberalism depending on what would make him look best). He helped fight off mini invasions by the Spanish and French helping increase his popularity, and when he lost his leg, he had a military funeral for it. He led Mexico at the Alamo.
Benito Juarez
a. Zapotec and president of Mexico in the 60s.
b. Began as Mexico’s Minister of Justice
c. Recognized as President in 1861, then elected in 1867 and then again in 1871 Enacts several liberal policies:
i. Dismisses 2/3 of the army
ii. Develops the public school system
iii. Lerdo Law
iv. Continues pushing capitalism in the countryside at the expense of the
indigenous
Dies in office in 1972
Porfirio Diaz overthrows his successor
Texas/the Alamo
a. The Mexican government allowed slave-holding US settlers to settle in Texas, big mistake.
b. When Mexican centralists tried to limit Texas autonomy, these settlers, eventually outnumbering Mexicans, rebelled and, in 1836, declared Texas an independent republic. Although defeated by General Santa Anna’s forces at the 13-day siege of the Alamo, the Anglo-Texans won the war and remained independent until it became a US state in 1845.
Lerdo Law
a. Basically a law to strip the Church and indigenous communities of properties
b. “The Lerdo Law allowed the government to force the sale of Church real estate
and all communally-held land. Not all church land was confiscated; however, land not used for specific religious purposes was sold to private individuals. This changed the nature of land ownership allowing more individuals to own land, rather than institutions.”
Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
a. Began as a meager border dispute, but escalated.
b. The Yucatan stayed neutral because it was looking to gain US States-ship.
c. We get Santa Anna’s leg and parts of 10 states (including 6 full ones).
d. Ended by Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Anastasio Bustamante
a. Had become president after staging a coup as VP against his president.
b. Overthrown by Santa Anna who stages a coup in 1832 with the blessing of the US
Minister to Mexico.
Maximilian I
Maximilian of Austria was a European nobleman invited to Mexico in the aftermath of the disastrous wars and conflicts of the mid-nineteenth century. It was thought that the establishment of a monarchy, with a tried and true European bloodline, could bring some much-needed stability to the strife-torn nation. He arrived in 1864 and was accepted by the people as Emperor of Mexico. His rule did not last very long, however, as liberal forces under the command of Benito Juarez destabilized Maximilian’s rule. Captured by Juarez’ men, he was executed in 1867
Dr. Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia
a. Declares Paraguay’s independence on May 15, 1811
b. Seals Paraguay off from surrounding areas:
i. Isolation is his policy
ii. Develop independently
iii. Bucking the regional trend
c.Doctor of Theology
d.Master of Philosophy
e.Knew 5 languages: English, Spanish, French, f. Latin, and Guarani Trained as a priest but becomes a lawyer
g. Very anti-Spanish
Guarani
a. One of the official languages of Paraguay
b. Spoken by the indigenous primarily
Paternalism
The policy or practice on the part of people in positions of authority of restricting the freedom and responsibilities of those subordinate to them in the subordinates’ supposed best interest
Yerba Mate
This widespread consumption turned it into Paraguay’s main commodity
Carlos Antonio Lopez
a. President from 1841-62
i. He inherits a stable country and leaves it that way.
b. He succeeded Francia
Francisco Solano Lopez
a. Leads his country (Paraguay) in the Paraguayan War.
b. Son of Carlos Antonio Lopez and he inherits his throne in 1862 until his death in
1870.
Estancias de la Patria
a. Large plots of land, normally used for cattle
b. Ends dependence on beef imports from Argentina.
Paraguayan War
a. Also known as the War of the Triple Alliance
b. How the war begins:
i. Paraguay wants to protect Uruguayan government because of its water access and they’re also allies. Pro-Uruguayan Paraguay and Pro-Paraguayan Uruguay were pretty stable and chill with each other. However, when an Anti-Paraguay Uruguayan government replaces the Pro-Paraguay Uruguayan government everything goes to hell. The Anti-Paraguayan Uruguayan government allies itself with Brazil and Argentina to defeat Paraguay.
c. Paraguay starts out with about 220,000 men and within the 1st 2 years, about 60,000 die.
d. The war basically has three phases, the Paraguayan Offensive on to Paraguayan Defensive on to Paraguayan Destruction.
i. The Paraguayan Defensive was a period of trench warfare and air recon (with hot-air balloons)
e. By the end of the war, about 28,000 men are left in Paraguay (about 90% of them die)… leaves a huge gender imbalance (about 14:1 women to men ratio).
f. Ends with the Treaty of the Triple Alliance
Post-Paraguayan War
a. Paraguay loses, Lopez dies, and so do about 50% of Paraguay’s people
b. Paraguay loses a significant amount of land to Argentina and Brazil
Bernardino Rivadavia
a. 1826-27
b. 1st President of Argentina
c. Liberal centralist (the liberals here were the opposite of those in Mexico)
i. Shows how caudillos are political opportunists
1. They do what makes them look best, and therefore they could hold any
number of different viewpoints over their career.
d. Admired Britain and wanted Buenos Aires to develop like a European city
e. Was very big on education, however he made a lot of enemies.
3. Estancias
a. Similar to ranches in America.
b. Typically raised livestock
Juan Manuel de Rosas
a. Born into extreme wealth in Buenos Aires
b. At 27, he helped lead the charge against Brazil in the Banda Oriental
c. Represents the definition of a caudillo
i. Wealthy, charismatically brutal, opportunistic
d. Made everyone wear red, if you didn’t you were punished. Would put his face on
altars and shit.
e. Most notorious of the federales
f. Protects his allies as well as his own wealth
g. Provicnes were being strangled
h. Steroetypical dictator
i. Murders, tortures, imprisons, exiles, and enemies
ii. Was exiled by an Anti-Rosas coalition in 1852 and he dies 25 years later
Mazorca
a. Political group that supported Rosas
b. Symbol was the ear of corn and the party was assembled by Rosas’s wife Doña
Encarnación.
Line of presidency (Mexico)
Agustin de Iturbide Santa Anna Benito Juarez Maximilian I Anastasio Bustamente
Line of presidency (Argentina)
Dr. Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia
Carlos Antonio Lopez
Francisco Solano Lopez
Immigration
a. During the 1880s and 90s in Argentina, the population began growing immensely via
b. European immigration (especially by Italians and Spaniards)
PAN
a. The National Autonomist Party (I know the acronym doesn’t match up, but this is the name of it)
b. In power from 1880 to 1916
c. Strong supporter of Julio Roca
