Colonial Flashcards
Advance in technology (6)
A. Barbed wires help control cattle without people (saves money)
b. Refrigeration expands exports to more than just salted jerky
c. Although there was a lack of transportation infrastructure early on, several
decades later, railroads greatly helped all countries economies increase trade.
d. Steamships
e. Alfalfa
f. Telegraph lines helped with quicker communication
Export economies (Paraguay, Argentina, Peru, Brazil)
In Paraguay for example, under Francia, there was to be no crops exported.
In Argentina, under Mitre, export led the economy.
Peru exported guano (bird poop) to make money
Brazil exported coffee and sugar.
Industrial revolution occurred when?
1850’s-1875 ish
Dependency situation (debt) with the countries
They were in massive debt because after war they need money and receive it from Britain along with weapons that they bought with their already borrowed money.
Agustin de Iturbide
A.Proposed the Plan of Iguala
i. Moves crown from Madrid to Mexico City
B.Was originally a royalist supporting Spain until the liberal majority staged a coup in Spain and therefore the conservatives demanded immediate independence. He took over as the first emperor of Mexico, but was soon overthrown by General Santa Anna and later killed.
Plan of Iguala
Itrubide’s plan called for an independent Mexico ruled by a European prince (or by a Mexican—i.e., Iturbide himself—if no European could be found), retention by the Roman Catholic Church and the military of all of their powers, equal rights for creoles and peninsulares, and elimination of property confiscations.
Mines of silver
a. Mexican and Peruvian silver mines were flooded and wrecked during the wars of independence by a spiteful Spain.
b. These mines had been a source of economic capital for Mexico and Peru and therefore their destruction hit their respective countries very hard.
Santa Anna
a. General Santa Anna was a famous Latin American caudillo, rascal, and political opportunist. He was a Creole who fought (in Mexico) against the patriot cause of Hidalgo and Morelos, accepted Iturbide, and then helped overthrow him. During the 1830s and 40s, thanks to his power over the army, helped him overthrow and install presidents seemingly at will, including himself several times (oscillating between conservatisms and liberalism depending on what would make him look best). He helped fight off mini invasions by the Spanish and French helping increase his popularity, and when he lost his leg, he had a military funeral for it. He led Mexico at the Alamo.
Benito Juarez
a. Zapotec and president of Mexico in the 60s.
b. Began as Mexico’s Minister of Justice
c. Recognized as President in 1861, then elected in 1867 and then again in 1871 Enacts several liberal policies:
i. Dismisses 2/3 of the army
ii. Develops the public school system
iii. Lerdo Law
iv. Continues pushing capitalism in the countryside at the expense of the
indigenous
Dies in office in 1972
Porfirio Diaz overthrows his successor
Texas/the Alamo
a. The Mexican government allowed slave-holding US settlers to settle in Texas, big mistake.
b. When Mexican centralists tried to limit Texas autonomy, these settlers, eventually outnumbering Mexicans, rebelled and, in 1836, declared Texas an independent republic. Although defeated by General Santa Anna’s forces at the 13-day siege of the Alamo, the Anglo-Texans won the war and remained independent until it became a US state in 1845.
Lerdo Law
a. Basically a law to strip the Church and indigenous communities of properties
b. “The Lerdo Law allowed the government to force the sale of Church real estate
and all communally-held land. Not all church land was confiscated; however, land not used for specific religious purposes was sold to private individuals. This changed the nature of land ownership allowing more individuals to own land, rather than institutions.”
Mexican-American War (1846-1848)
a. Began as a meager border dispute, but escalated.
b. The Yucatan stayed neutral because it was looking to gain US States-ship.
c. We get Santa Anna’s leg and parts of 10 states (including 6 full ones).
d. Ended by Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Anastasio Bustamante
a. Had become president after staging a coup as VP against his president.
b. Overthrown by Santa Anna who stages a coup in 1832 with the blessing of the US
Minister to Mexico.
Maximilian I
Maximilian of Austria was a European nobleman invited to Mexico in the aftermath of the disastrous wars and conflicts of the mid-nineteenth century. It was thought that the establishment of a monarchy, with a tried and true European bloodline, could bring some much-needed stability to the strife-torn nation. He arrived in 1864 and was accepted by the people as Emperor of Mexico. His rule did not last very long, however, as liberal forces under the command of Benito Juarez destabilized Maximilian’s rule. Captured by Juarez’ men, he was executed in 1867
Dr. Jose Gaspar Rodriguez de Francia
a. Declares Paraguay’s independence on May 15, 1811
b. Seals Paraguay off from surrounding areas:
i. Isolation is his policy
ii. Develop independently
iii. Bucking the regional trend
c.Doctor of Theology
d.Master of Philosophy
e.Knew 5 languages: English, Spanish, French, f. Latin, and Guarani Trained as a priest but becomes a lawyer
g. Very anti-Spanish
