collocations Flashcards
به شدت اعتراض کرد
strongly object
به شدت استدلال میکنند
strongly argue
به شدت احساس میکند
strongly feel
به شدت پیشنهاد میکند
strongly suggest
به شدت محکوم میکند
strongly condemn
قویا حمایت میکند
strongly support
collocates with verbs, particularly verba that relate to having an opinion
به شدت توصیه میشود
strongly recommend
I would strongly recommend that you learn a foreign language.
به شدت تکذیب/انکار میکند
strongly deny
عمیقا اعتقاد داشتن
strongly believe
به شدت تاثیر میگذارد
strongly influence
collocates with verbs, particularly verba that relate to having an opinion
شدیدا مخالفت کنید
strongly oppose
collocates with verbs, particularly verba that relate to having an opinion
به طرز مسخره ای کوچک
ridiculously small
به طرز مسخره ای زود
ridiculously early
به طرز مسخره ای بزرگ
ridiculously lage
به طرز مسخره ای کوتاه
ridiqulously short
به طرز مسخره ای طولانی
ridiculously long
به طرز مسخره ای زیاد
ridiculously high
به طرز مسخره ای کم
ridiculously low
به طرز مسخره ای راحت
ridiculously easy
suggests something extreme, which seems unbelievable or unreasonable
به طرز مسخره ای گران
ridiculously expensive
The restaurant was ridiculously expensive. I’ll don’t think we’ll go there again.
به طرز مسخره ای ارزان
ridiculously cheap
suggests something extreme, which seems unbelievable or unreasonable
عمیقا ناراضی
deeply unhappy
عمیقا مذهبی
deeply religous
عمیقا مراقب و اهمیت دهنده
deeply care
عمیقا متاسف
deeply regret
عمیقا صدمه دیده
deeply hurt (of feeling)
عمیقا متاثر شده است
deeply affected
عمیقا جابجا شده-متحول شده
deeply moved
عمیقا متعهد
deeply committed
professor McDellvit was always deeply committed to her students.
عمیقا شوکه شده
deeply shocked
عمیقا نگران
deeply concerned
عمیقا شرمنده
deeply ashamed
collocates mainly with words associated with feelings; used slightly more in writing than in conversation
به شدت گریه کن
bitterly weep
گریه تلخ-شدید وسوزناک
bitterly cry
به شدت شکایت میکند
bitterly complain
پشیمانی تلخ-بسیار زیاد
bitterly regret
انتقاد تلخ
bitterly criticise
به شدت رنجیده
bitterly resent
به شدت ناامید کننده
به شدت ناامید شد
bitterly disappointing
bitterly disappointed
I was bitterly disappointed when I failed the exam.
کاملا بدبخت
absolutely(utterly) miserable
کاملا ویران شده
پس از زلزله کل منطقه کاملا ویران شد.
absolutely(utterly) devastated
the whole area was utterly devastated after the earthquake.
کاملا متقاعد شده
absolutely(utterly) convinced
کاملا وحشت زده
absolutely(utterly) appalled
کاملا تنها
absolutely(utterly) alone
کاملا اشتباه و غلط
absolutely(utterly) wrong
کاملا غیرممکن
absolutely(utterly) impossible
کاملا احمق
absolutely(utterly) stupid
کاملا مسخره
absolutely(utterly) ridiculous
absolutely is slightly more formal
they combine with very extreme meanings we can’t use very.
به شدت خسته ودرمونده
absolutely(utterly) exhausted
not very exhausted
whereas we can say very tired
not absolutely(utterly) tired.
بسیار غیر محتمل
بسیار محتمل
highly-extremely unlikely
highly-extremely likely
it is highly unlikely that i’ll finish my work on time.
بسیار غیرمعمول
highly-extremely unusual
Julia’s highly unusual behaviour began to worry her parents.
بسیار موفق
highly-extremely successful
بسیار رقابتی
highly-extremely competitive
بسیار سوداور
highly-extremely profitable
بسیار موثر
highly-extremely effective
بسیار بحث برانگیز
highly-extremely controversial
highly is used with some probability words.
they usually combine with very positive words.
مناقصه ارائه دهید
submit a tender
افزایش سرمایه
to raise capital
وارد شراکت شدن
to go into partnership with
شروع یک تجارت
start up a business
flu outbreak hits southern europe
شیوع انقولانزا به جنوب اروپا رسید
شیوع پیدا میکند
outbreak hits
پلیس سرکوب/مقابله میکند
police crack down
پلیس بازجویی میکند
police quiz
شرکت هواپیمایی قیمت ها را کاهش داد
airline slashes prices
cyclists get off their bicycles
cyclists must dismount here
get off the bus
alight the bus
متجاوزین تحت پیگرد قانونی قرار میگیرند
trespassers will be prosecuted
1 throw away
2 container used for storing or putting objects in
dispose of 1unwanted items in
the receptacle2
provided
مقدمات را فراهم کنید برای
مدرسه می تواند مقدمات دانش آموزان با نیازهای ویژه را فراهم کند
make arrangements for
the school can make arrangements puplis with special needs
the basic meaning of make is about producing something
تغییر یا تغییرات ایجاد کردن
make change or changes
the new manager is planing to make some changes
انتخاب کردن
make a choice
Amelia had to make a choice between her career and her family
نظر دادن
نظر بدهید
make a comment / comments
would anyone like to make any comments on the talk?
مشارکت کردن
کمک کردن به
make a contribution to
she made a useful contribution to the discussion
تصمیم گیری کردن
make a decision
I’m glad it’s you who has to make the decision, not me.
تلاش کن
make an effort
Micheal is realy making an effort with his maths this term.
بهانه بیاور
توجیه کردن
make an excuse
I’m too tired to go out tonight.
let’s make an excuse and stay at home
دوست پیدا کردن
make friends
caroline is very good at making friends
بهبودی و پیشرفت ایجاد کردن
make an improvement
repainting the room has realy make an improvement
اشتباه کردن،کن
make a mistake
they’ve made a mistake in our bill
تماس تلفنی برقرار کن
make a phone call
I’ve got to make some phone calls before dinner
پیشرفت (کردن)
make progress
Holly is making progress with all her school work
بهترین کار خود را انجام دهید
do your best
All that matters in the exam is to do your best
the basic meaning of do is about performing an action
آسیب رساندن
do damage
the storm did some damage to our roof
یکازمایش انجام دهید
do an experiment
we are doing an experiment to test how the metal reacts with water
برای کسی یک نوبت خوب انجام بده/ یککار خوبانجامبده
به کسی لطفی کن
do someone a good turn
do someone a favour
could you do me a favour and pick me up some milk from the supermarket?
jess did me a good turn by lending me her car while mine was in the garage
صدمه زدن
do harm
changing the rules may do more harm than good
موهایت را درست کن
do your hair
no, i’m not ready. I haven’t done my hair yet.
تکالیف را انجام دادن
do your homework
my son has to do his homework straight after school
اتو انجام دادن
خرید انجام دادن
شستشو انجام دادن
do the ironing/shopping/washing
I’ll do the washing if you do the ironing
کاری انجامدادن
یه کاری انجام بده
do some work
we’ll do some work on our project and then we’ll go to the cinama
عصبانی شدن/کچل شدن/خاکستری شدن(پیرشدن) / کورشدن/ ناشنوا شدن
peaple go mad/bald/grey/blind/deaf
go is used for changes in peaple’s personality, apearance and physical abilities
خیلی خجالت کشید و صورتش قرمز شد
ناگهان آسمان بسیار تاریک شد و باران شروع شد
he was very embarrassed and his face went red
suddenly the sky went very dark and it started ro rain
go is often used for sudden/usually/negative changes
go can also be used for slower colour changes
the pages of the book had gone yellow over the years
turn often collocates with colours
the sky turned gold as the sun set
when the tomatoes turn red, the farmers pick them and sell them
the news gave his mother such a shock that her hair turned white overnight
get and become can often be used with the same sollocations, but become is more formal and is therefor more appropriate in essays
she gave up smoking when she became pregnant
I would like to become involved in raising money for charity
عصبانی شدن
become angry
become is true for collocations with adj
خسته شدن/حوصله سر رفتن
become bored
هیجان زده شدن
become excited
افسرده شدن
become depressed
ناراحت شدن
become upset
بی تاب شدن
become impatient
خشن شدن
become violent
مشهور شدن
become famous
مریض شدن
fall ill
ساکت شدن
fall silent
become silent
بالاتر رفتن سن
grow older
بلند تر شدن صدا
grow louder
دچار حمله قلبی شد
had/suffered a heart attack
بچه دار شدن
have a child
دیوانه شدن
going crazy
منقرض شدن
become extinct
درگیر شدن
become involve
بی خانمان شدن
become homeless
پیر شدن
grow older
حمام گرفتن
run a bath
مطالبات در مورد
making demands on
طلاق گرفتن
getting divorced
به شدت حسود
desperately jealous
زندگی رهبری کرد
life led
راه او را باز کرد
made her way
بالا بردن
giving lift
make an effort
تلاش کردن
استراحت کردن
had a rest
خرید کردن
do some shopping
پیشرفت کردن
making good progress
مهمانی گرفتن
having a party
ارائه یک سخنرانی
giving a lecture
انجامدادن وظایف
duing her duty
ورود دانشگاه
university entry
took/had a look
تاثیر خوبی گذاشتن
make a good impression
هیئت اعزامی را رهبری کنید
lead the expedition
بحث را هدایت کنید
lead the discussion
رسیدگیبه آسیب(فیزیکی
leading the injury
به شدت میخواهند
به شدت نیاز دارند
desperately want/need
به شدت خسته/مریض/فقیر
desperately tired/ill/poor
به شدت ناراحت/تنها/نگران
desperately unhappy/lonely/worried
درد جسمی
physical pain
درد داشتن
have a pain
یک درد خفیف
a slight pain
یک درد شدید
a sharp pain
درد وحشتناک
terrible/awful pain
چندین درد شدید
several intense pain
تصمیم عاقلانه
wise decision
حرکت هوشمندانه
wise action
حس عاقلانه
wise sensible
مبتنی بر عاقلانه
wise based
عاقل باش
عاقل شدن
be wise
get wise
دویدن برروی چیزی
دویدن درمقابل کسی
run across sth/sb
دنبال کسی یا چیزی رفتن
run after sb/sth
دنبال چیزی یا کسی بدوید
run around after sb/sth
با چیزی یا کسی بدوید
run around with sb/sth
فرار کردن
run off
رفتن در میان
run through
اجرا کردن
run down
جان خود را به خطر انداختن
he risked his life
risk life
نشان دهنده شجاعت کسی بودن
was brave of him
was brave of somebody
تحریم و تهدید علیه کشور ها
threatening and imposing sanctions against other countries
وضع نوینجهان
the new world order
نشان دهنده عدم شناخت انها
proof of thier poor judgment
جای خود را به کسی دادن
give up your seat to someone else
نشان داد ادم با ملاحظه ای بود
ادم با ملاحظه ای نشان دادن
was considerate of her/him
considerate of someone
have an accident
تصادف کردن
یک استدلال داشته باشید
have an argument/ a row
یک تایم کوتاه استراحت کردن
have a break
یک صحبتی داشته باشیم
have a conversation / a chat
مشکل داشتن(در چیزی
have difficulty
رویا یا کابوس دیدن
have a dream or nightmare
تجربه داشتن
have an experience
I had a deightening experience the other day
احساس داشتن
have a feeling
I have a feeling that sth in wrong
خوش بگذره
اوقات خوبی داشته باشی
have fun/ a good time
I’m sure you’ll have fun on the school trip
یک نگاهی انداختن
have a look
the manager wanted to have a look at what we were doing
پارتی گرفتن
have a party
Let’s have a party at the end of term
مشکلیا مشکلاتی داشتن
have a problem/problems
Ask the teacher if you have problems with the exercise
امتحان کن
have a try/ a go
I’ll explain what to do and then you can have a go/try
رفتن به تعطیلات
take a holiday
we decided to take a holiday here
سفرکردن
take a trip
we took a trip to the mountains yesterday
قطار گرفتن
اتوبوس گرفتن
take a train
take a bus
first we took a train to a little town and then we took a bus going to various villages
we saw one that we took a liking to
کسی را دیدم که ان را دوست میداشتیم
take a liking to
ریسک کردن
take a risk
we were taking a risk as we didn’t know what we’d find there
علاقه مند شدن به
take an interest in
عکس گرفتن
take photo
we took a lot of photos
شانست را امتحان کن
take a chance
I’d take a chance and leave if I were you
بیزاری داشتن به چیزی
از چیزی یا کسی خوشت نمی اید
take a dislike to
the boss has taken a dislike to you!
بهره بردن از چیزی
take advantage of
take advantage of being in london
کاری بکن
اقدام به
take action
توجه کردن
توجه کنید
pay attention
you must pay attention to the teacher
تعریف وتمجید کردن
pay a compliment
I was trying to pay her a compliment but she misunderstood
احترام خود را نکه دارید/ادا کنید
pay your (last) respect
at a funeral peaple pay their last respects to the person who has died
ستایش کردن
pay tribute (formal)
when Jack retired, his boss made a speech paying tribute to all he had done for the company
charge my phone
used for batteries and electrical items
loaded the lorry
کامیون را بارگیری کرد
injured peaple
افراد مجروح
damaged sofa
مبل اسیب دیده
grow crops
رشد محصولات
collocates with crops, plants
raise cattle
پرورش دام
collocate with animals, children
gain power/control/access
به دست اوردن قدرت/کنترل/دسترسی
gain is often used with abstract nouns relating to political authority
The socialist party gained control of the national assembly
gain(formal) a reputation/publicity/recognition/ an advantage
کسب شهرت
به دست اوردن تبلیغات
به رسمیت شناخته شود
کسب مزیت
gain is often used with abstract nouns that suggest benefit to the “gainer”
Her paintings gained recognition thanks to a major exhibition in New York
win an award/ a prize/ a medal/ a match
برنده شدن جایزه
برنده شدن جایزه
برنده شدن مدال(قهرمانی)
برنده شدن مسابقه
win is often used in contexts associated with competition
He won a medal in the 2016 Olympic Games
win a battle/a war/ an election
برنده شدن(پیروز شدن) در یک نبرد
برنده شدن یک جنگ
برنده شدن یک انتخابات
The conservative party won the 2015 general election
earn a salary/money
حقوق بگیر
کسب پول
I earn $2110 a month
you earn money by working for it
make a profit/ money
کسب سود
پول دراوردن
The company made a profit last year
you can make money by investing,etc..,
not just by working
achieve success/your goals/ your aims
دستیابی به موفقیت
دستیابی به اهداف
دستیابی به اهداف
It’s difficult to achieve success in international sport
beat/defeat a team/ an opponent
یک تیم را شکست دهد
حریف را شکست دهد
He defeated his opponent in the tennis final
You win a match but beat/defeat an opponent
defeat is more formal than beat
you’ll need to TAKE warm CLOTHES when you go to alaska (not carry)
I always CARRY my MOBILE PHONE whenever i go out
(not wear)
she was WEARING A HAT
(not carrying)
he kindly offered to carry my bag for me
she’s wearing a dress
(not using)
he’s using a laptop
notice how spend is used when talking about time and money
we spent three days in the mountains (not passed)
if you buy a big car you’ll have to soend more money on petrol
(not use)
last night i spent two hours watching tv
(not stayed)
I spent an hour looking for the keys before i found them in my bag
(not passed)
metaphor
استعاره
کلماتی که بعنوان استعاره استفاده میشوند
در اصل درمعنای به نسبت و تقریبا متفاوتی نسبت به معنی اصلی خود ان میباشد
sunny smile
children’s sunny faces
to mean happy
(metaphors)
in these collocations sunny is used in a petaphorical way
face shines with plasure
eye shine with excitement or delight
petaphors
light in english is associated with happiness
face light up
eyes light up
they suddenly feel happy
atmosphere lightens
mood lightens
it becomes more relaxed or cheerful than it was
dark thoughts
dark days
dark times
darkness is associated with unhappiness and negative feelings
if someone’s face farknes or their eyes darken or someone’s expression darkens then we know that person is unhappy
often because they are feeling angry
ideas flow, conversation flows
(water metaphor)
it was a very successful meeting. The idea flowed
flow suggests that things progress easily, without effort
a flood/floods of tears, tears streaming down someone’s face
the little girl was in floods of tears.
tears were streaming down her face
both of these metaphors about tears suggest the girl is crying a lot
peaple pour/ stream somewhere
peaple poured out of the hall at the end of the lecture
pour and stream suggest lots of peaple moving smoothly
peaple trickle
peaple trickled into the concert hall
trickle suggests a few peaple moving slowly
a stream of visitors/ traffic
there was a stream of traffic outside our room all night
stream suggests continuos movement
words associated with fire and heat often suggest anger in english
heated debate
heated discussion
heated conversation
is one in which peaple disagree in an angry way with each other
if you say that someone has a fiery temper,
you mean that they often get suddenly angry
if you say tempers flared,
you mean that peaple became angry with each other
flare means show a bright light in the dark
violence flares up
troubles flare up
means thay problems which in the past suddenly become serious again
if you feel very embarrassed, your cheeks burn with embarrassment
a blaze is a very bright fire
we talk about a blaze of glory or a blaze of publicity meaning
there is a lot of it and it is spectacular
we often use the expeession the one
with defining relative clauses
he’s the one who suggested i beacame a teacher
my father is the one that tought me to play the piano
that hous is the one where i grew up
where can be used after expressions such as the situation, the stage or the point
we were in a situation where there were no easy solutions
I’m almost at the stage where I’m ready to quit my job and go into business for myself
I’ve reached the point where I feel I should just give up
a bright future
a future that is looking happy and successful
a bright child
an intelligent child
a warm welcom
a friendly welcom
a warm smile
a friendly smile
cold eyes
unfriendly eyes
a cold stare
an unfriendly stare
only sunshine, no clouds in the sky
have had unbroken sunshine ever since we arrived
افتاب ناگسستنی
extremely hot
though in the middle of the day it’s just too scorching hot to do anything
گرمای سوزان
enjoying the sunshine
lie on the beach soaking up the sunshine
در ساحل دراز بکشید و نور خورشید را جذب کنید
it’s been pouring with rain all day.
In fact I’ve never seen such
torrential rain! It’s freezing cold in the tent - we got all soaked.
Every half an hour we look out of the tent hoping for a break in the clouds.
تمام روز با باران می بارید.
در واقع من هرگز چنین باران سیل آسا را ندیده بودم! در چادر هوا سرد است - همه ما خیس شدیم.
هر نیم ساعت به امید استراحت در ابرها از چادر به بیرون نگاه می کنیم.
It rained heavily all day yesterday but it’s dry at the moment.
There’s thick cloud, though, and it certainly looks like rain
Quite a strong wind is blowing too
دیروز تمام روز باران شدیدی بارید اما در حال حاضر هوا خشک است.
با این حال، ابر غلیظی وجود دارد و مطمئناً شبیه باران است
باد نسبتاً شدیدی نیز می وزد
احتمال بدتر شدن هوا در اواخر امروز وجود دارد
the weather is likely to deteriorate later on today
wether deteriorates ( opposite: improves)
deteriorate is quite formal
the weather is getting worse is more informal
مه غلیظ در بزرگراه وجود دارد.
لکه های مه در سواحل شرقی وجود دارد اما باید تا روز دوشنبه برطرف شود.
there is thick fog on the motorway.
there are patches of fog on the east coast but this should lift by modday.
thick/dense fog
patches of fog/mist
a blanket of fog(literally)
fog/mist comes down (opposite: lifts)
مه پایین میاد بیشتر میشه بالا بره کمتر میشه(از بین میره)
a blanket of fog/mist is thicker and more extensive.
patches of fog/mist are small areas
از رفتن به ساحل در هنگام ظهر که آفتاب شدیدتر است خودداری کنید
avoid going on the beach at midday when the sun is strongest
strong sun (opposite: weak)
شرایط جاده به دلیل باران سریع و سنگین(دیوانه کننده، شدید) دشوار است
road conditions are difficult because of the driving rain
driving rain= rain falling fast and heavily
heavy rain(not string rain)
driving rain
light rain
a downpour of rain
a shower of rain
to rain hard
rain fell heavily
امروز صبح برف دوست داشتنی و ترد است
the snow is lovely and crisp this morning
crisp snow= snow that is fresh and hard
heavy/fresh/crisp/thick/driving snow
snow falls
snow melts
a blanket of snow
امشب یخبندان سختی خواهد بود
there will be a hard frost tonight
hard frost
opposite : light frost ( not a soft frost)
امروز صبح باد ملایم بود، اما در حال حاضر شدت مییابد و تا عصر بسیار قوی خواهد بود.
باد از میان درختان سوت می زد.
the wind was light this morning but it’s picking up now and will be very strong by the evening.
the wind was whistling through the trees.
biting winds=very cold winds
if the wind picks up, it gets stronger
not a breath of wind
a gust of wind
high/strong/light/biting winds
بادهای شدید/قوی/سبک/گزنده
the winds picks up(opposite: dies down)
the wind blows/whistles
Freak1 storms devastate.
yesterday freak weather conditions2
hit the south-west of England.
Gale-force winds3 caused a lot of damage to property.
A number of buildings were destroyed, roofs were torn off and fences were blown down.
several rivers burst their banks.4
طوفان های عجیب و غریب ویران می کند
دیروز شرایط آب و هوایی عجیب در جنوب غربی انگلیس رخ داد.
1very unusual or unexpected
بادهای تندباد خسارات زیادی به اموال وارد کرد.
2stuck,badly affected
3 extremely strong wind
تعدادی از ساختمان ها ویران شده، سقف ها کنده شده و نرده ها منفجر شده اند.
چندین رودخانه از سواحل خود خارج شدند.
4 rivers flooded
آیا هنوز مقدمات سفر خود را برای کنفرانس فروش انجام داده اید؟
اگر یک آژانس مسافرتی خوب می خواهید، می توانم Atlas world را به شما پیشنهاد کنم.
آنها در سفرهای کاری تخصص دارند
Have you made your travel arrangements for the sales conference yet?
if you want a good travel agent, I can recommend Atlas world.
they specilise in business travel
travel arrangements
travel agent
business travel
می دانم هفته آینده یک سفر کاری است.
پیشنهاد می کنم یک سفر یک روزه به کاناموکا داشته باشیم
می توانیم با قایق به جزیره سفر کنیم
سفر امن
I know next week is a business trip.
I suggest we take a day trip to canamuca
we can take a boat trip to the island
safe journey
business trip
day trip
boat trip
safe journey
I’m finally here after an extremely tiring journey!
the floght was three hours late, they lost my luggage, then there were no taxis at the airport.
I hope my return journey is better
من بالاخره بعد از یک سفر بسیار خسته کننده اینجا هستم!
پرواز سه ساعت تاخیر داشت، چمدانم را گم کردند، بعد در فرودگاه تاکسی نبود.
امیدوارم سفر برگشتم بهتر باشه
tiring journey
return journey (opposite: outward jurney)
I got some travell brochures with details of camping trips.
It’s a long overnight journey from the capital to get there.
چند بروشور مسافرتی با جزئیات سفرهای کمپینگ دریافت کردم.
برای رسیدن به آنجا از پایتخت یک شبه طولانی سفر است.
travell brochures
overnight journey
camping trips
palair offers excellent in flight entertainment, with the latest films and music.
The in-flight magazine includes maps and information about major airports.
(announcement by a cabin attendant)
Ladies and gentlemen, we’ll shortly be landing at Dublin Airport.
please fasten your seatbelts.
The passenger boarded the plane on time, but it was delayed taking off and she missed her connecting flight in Amesterdam.
Domestic flights are often more expensive than international ones.
(flights within a country)
Do you normally prefer a window seat or an aisle seat when you fly?
We managed to get a charter flight; it was half the price of the scheduled flight.
in-flight entertainment
in-flight magazine
fasten your seatbelts
boarded the plane
connecting flight
Domestic flights
window seat
aisle seat
charter flight(flight on the plane rented for special use)
schedule flight(regular flight organised by the company which owns the plane)
The weather en route is fine, and we anticipate a smooth flight to stockholm today. (the opposite is a bumpy flight)
palair با جدیدترین فیلم ها و موسیقی، سرگرمی های پرواز عالی را ارائه می دهد.
مجله حین پرواز شامل نقشه ها و اطلاعات مربوط به فرودگاه های اصلی است.
(اعلام توسط مهماندار کابین)
خانم ها و آقایان، به زودی در فرودگاه دوبلین فرود خواهیم آمد.
لطفا کمربندهای ایمنی خود را ببندید
مسافر به موقع سوار هواپیما شد، اما پرواز با تاخیر انجام شد و او پرواز اتصال خود را در آمستردام از دست داد.
پروازهای داخلی اغلب گرانتر از پروازهای خارجی هستند.
(پروازهای داخل یک کشور)
آیا هنگام پرواز معمولاً صندلی پنجره را ترجیح می دهید یا صندلی راهرو؟
ما موفق شدیم یک پرواز چارتر بگیریم. نصف قیمت پرواز برنامه ریزی شده بود.
we satyed in a small, family-run hotle
the panorama is a rather run-down hotel in the back street in the city centre
the place is a luxury hotels. I always have to look for budget accommodation. (very cheap)
I’d advice you to make a reservation before you go. the hotels near the beach are very papular and get fully booked during the summer.
family-run hotel
run-down hotel
luxury hotel
smart hotels
budget accommodation
make a reservation
fully booked
ما در یک خانه کوچک خانوادگی نشستیم
پانوراما یک هتل نسبتاً فرسوده در خیابان پشتی در مرکز شهر است
محل هتل های لوکس است. من همیشه باید به دنبال اقامتگاه مقرون به صرفه باشم. (خیلی ارزان)
من به شما توصیه می کنم قبل از رفتن رزرو کنید. هتل های نزدیک ساحل بسیار محبوب هستند و در طول تابستان به طور کامل رزرو می شوند.
From my room I look out over the surrounding countryside.
It’s very different from the familiar lndscape I see from the window at home.
At home it’s a gentle landscape with open fields.
Here it’s a bleak landscape with rocky mountains in the distance
از اتاقم به حومه اطراف نگاه می کنم.
با منظره آشنایی که از پنجره خانه می بینم بسیار متفاوت است.
در خانه، منظره ای ملایم با زمین های باز است.
اینجا منظره ای تاریک با کوه های سنگی در دوردست است
surrounding countryside
familiar landscape
gentle landscape
open field
bleak landscape
rocky mountains
yesterday we followed a path down to the lake. As we turned a corner, we caught a glimpse of a kingfisher standing in the water.
john tried to take a picture of it but it caught sight of us and flew off.
A little further on we rounded a bend and st john’s abbey came into view.
The Abbey fell into ruin about three hundred years ago.
Although it lies in ruins, it is well worth seeing as it stands in a dramatic setting on a steep slope beside a fast-flowing river with mountains towering above it.
دیروز مسیری را به سمت دریاچه دنبال کردیم. وقتی به گوشه ای پیچیدیم، نگاهی اجمالی به ماهی شاهی که در آب ایستاده بود را دیدیم.
جان سعی کرد از آن عکس بگیرد اما دید ما را گرفت و پرواز کرد.
کمی جلوتر، یک پیچ را گرد کردیم و کلیسای سنت جان نمایان شد.
ابی در حدود سیصد سال پیش خراب شد.
اگرچه در ویرانهای قرار دارد، اما ارزش دیدن آن را دارد زیرا در یک محیط دراماتیک در شیب تند در کنار رودخانهای پرآب با کوههایی که بر فراز آن سر به فلک کشیدهاند قرار دارد.
followed a path
turned a corner
caught a glimpse of
take a picture
caught sight of
rounded a bend
came into view
fell into ruin
lies in ruins
well worth seeing
dramatic setting
steep slope
fast-flowing river
mountains towering
the cottage is in some wonderful unspoilt countryside on the edge of a dense forest.
unfortunately the trees block the view of the snow-covered mountains.
it has a little garden with a stream at the end of it. the stream winds through the forest.
they wanted to build a timber factory here but the local peaple said that it would destroy the countryside and, furtunately, their compaign to protect the environment succeeded
این کلبه در یک حومه شهر دست نخورده فوق العاده در لبه یک جنگل انبوه است.
متأسفانه درختان دید کوه های پوشیده از برف را مسدود می کنند.
یک باغ کوچک با نهر در انتهای آن دارد. جریان در میان جنگل می پیچد.
آنها می خواستند یک کارخانه چوب در اینجا بسازند اما مردم محلی گفتند که این کار باعث نابودی حومه شهر می شود و خوشبختانه تلاش آنها برای حفاظت از محیط زیست موفق شد.
unspoilt countryside
dense forest
block the view
snow-covered mountains
stream winds
destroy the countryside
protect the environment
from most rooms there are uninterrupted views of the castle
nothing blocks the view of the castle
from the top floor restaurant dinners have a panoramic view of the countryside
view over the very wide area
from the balcony there is a spectacular view of the mountains
very dramatic view
we stoped for a few minutes to admire the view
این منطقه دارای مناظر خیره کننده است - کوه ها، صخره ها، دریاچه ها.
the area has some breathtaking scenary- mountains, cliffs, lakes.
streamly striking and beautiful views
the castle dominates the landscape for miles arround
can be seen from a long way away
a beautiful beach stretches for miles along the coast
the hotel has its own sandy beach
you’ll love the schedule beaches
without many peaple
می توانید کیلومترها در امتداد شن های طلایی سرگردان باشید
you can wander for miles along the golden sands
می توانید به سرعت از شلوغی شهر به حومه شهر آرام بروید
you can quickly go from the hustle of the town to the tranquil countryside
the city skyline is a wonderful mix of old and new, and the city itself has a lot of busy, narrow cobbled streets. the old town is a conservation area and it has a lot of quaint old buildings dating back to the city’s foundation in the 1500s
خط افق شهر ترکیبی فوق العاده از قدیم و جدید است و خود شهر خیابان های سنگفرش شده و باریک زیادی دارد. شهر قدیمی یک منطقه حفاظت شده است و دارای بسیاری از ساختمان های قدیمی عجیب و غریب است که قدمت آن به پایه گذاری شهر در دهه 1500 برمی گردد.
city skyline
cobbled streets
conservation area
quaint old buildings
Doradella street has a lot of upmarket shops and rather pricey, sometimes overpriced, restaurants, but not far away is the Genasia district, where you’ll find restaurants which offer good value and a more relaxed atmosphere
خیابان Doradella دارای بسیاری از مغازههای لوکس و رستورانهای نسبتاً گرانقیمت، گاهی اوقات گرانقیمت است، اما نه چندان دور منطقه Genasia است، جایی که رستورانهایی را خواهید یافت که ارزش مناسب و فضای آرامتری دارند.
upmarket shops
pricey(expensive, in a negative sense)
overpriced
good value
relaxed atmosphere
royal avenue runs from north to south, and is lined with shops.
behind it, the streets are full of lively bars and fashionable clubs.
the pavement cafes and shops of luna square are pleasant but very expensive
خیابان سلطنتی از شمال به جنوب امتداد دارد و مملو از مغازهها است.
پشت آن، خیابان ها پر از بارهای پرجنب و جوش و کلوب های مد روز است.
کافه های پیاده رو و مغازه های میدان لونا دلپذیر اما بسیار گران هستند
royal avenue runs
lined with shops
lively bars
fashionable clubs
pavement cafes
As you drive into the city, the tree-lined avenues of the residential areas are soon replaced by the hight-rise flats of the inner city.
then come the imposing buildings of the parliament and government departments.
همانطور که وارد شهر می شوید، خیابان های درختکاری شده در مناطق مسکونی به زودی با آپارتمان های مرتفع در داخل شهر جایگزین می شوند.
سپس ساختمان های باشکوه پارلمان و ادارات دولتی می آیند
tree-lined avenue
residential areas
high-rise flats
inner city
imposing buildings
برخی از مناطق درون شهری یک زمین بایر شهری هستند و برای بازدیدکنندگان تا حدودی خطرناک هستند.
در واقع برخی از خیابانها به مناطق ممنوعه تبدیل شدهاند که جرم و جنایت بالایی دارد.
بسیاری از خیابان ها پر از زباله است و ساختمان های فرسوده زیادی وجود دارد.
مناطق محرومی در اطراف مرکز شهر وجود دارد که مشکلات اجتماعی عظیمی دارند.
مناطق صنعتی که در حاشیه شهر قرار دارند خاکستری و آلوده هستند
some of the inner-city areas are an urban wasteland and are somewhat dangerous for visitors.
In fact some streets have become no-go areas, with high crime.
many streets are strewn with litter and there are numerous run-down buildings.
there are some deprived areas round the city centre with huge social problems.
the industrial zones which lie on the edge of the city are grey and polluted
inner-city areas are
urban wasteland
no-go areas
strewn with litter
run-down buildings
deprived areas
industrial zones
Triope is a sprawling city with bumper-to-bumper traffic all day long.
the exhaust fumes can be a nightmare.
the volume of traffic has increased in recent years and the incessant roar of trucks and buses makes the city centre an extremely noisy place
the comfortable suburbs away from the city centre contrast sharply with the poor shanty towns one sees on the way to the airport
تریوپه شهری گسترده با ترافیک سپر به سپر در تمام طول روز است.
دود اگزوز می تواند یک کابوس باشد.
حجم ترافیک در سال های اخیر افزایش یافته است و غرش بی وقفه کامیون ها و اتوبوس ها مرکز شهر را به مکانی بسیار پر سر و صدا تبدیل کرده است.
حومه های راحت دور از مرکز شهر به شدت با شهرک های فقیر نشینی که در مسیر فرودگاه می بینید تضاد دارد.
sprawling city
bumper-to-bumper traffic
exhaust fumes
volume of traffic
incessant roar
comfortable suburbs
shanty towns
you are good company1 but you may have a selfish2 streak
1 peaple enjoy being with you
2 you sometimes act in a selfish way
رگه هایی از خودخواهی
شما شخصیتی برونگرا و حس شوخ طبعی دارید
you have an outgoing personality and a good sense of humor
شما تخیل روشنی دارید، اما تمایل دارید خیلی راحت عصبانی شوید
you have a vivid imagination, but you tend to lose your temper too easily
شما بسیار باهوش هستید و ذهنی تیز دارید
you are highly intelligent with
a razor-sharp mind
you set high standards for yourself and are fiercely1 loyal to your friends
شما استانداردهای بالایی برای خود تعیین می کنید و به شدت به دوستان خود وفادار هستید
1 stronger than extremely
بهترین جنبه شخصیت شما این است که همیشه دیگران را در اولویت قرار می دهید
the best aspect of your personality is the way you always put others first
اگرچه در موقعیتهای اجتماعی میتوانید بهطور دردناکی خجالتی باشید، اما در محل کار احساس میکنید که اعتماد به نفس بالایی دارید
.although you can be painfully shy in social situations, at work you give the impression of being supremely confident
you have a tendency to make snap decisions
شما تمایل به تصمیم گیری فوری دارید
snap decisions quick decisions
شما احساس مسئولیت قوی دارید و همیشه به قول خود عمل می کنید
keep your word
you have a strong snese of responsibility and always keep your word
شما در حفظ اسرار ماهر هستید و هرگز کینه ندارید
you are good at keeping secrets and never bear a grudge
bear a grudge
resent for a long time bad things others have done to you
اگر فکر می کنید کسی شما را احمق می کند، برای شما سخت است که عصبانیت خود را حفظ کنید
you find it hard to keep your temper if you think someone is making a fool out of you
you can be brutally honest and sometimes hurt others feelings
شما می توانید بی رحمانه صادق باشید و گاهی اوقات احساسات دیگران را جریحه دار کنید
behaviour
verb+noun collocations
behaviour
verb + noun collocations
بچه ها قبل از اینکه معلم وارد اتاق شود، با پنهان شدن در زیر میزهای خود، با او شوخی کردند
the children played a joke/trick on the teacher by hiding under their desks before she came into the room
خوشبختانه معلم توانست یک شوخی را قبول کند و آنها را تنبیه نکرد
Fortunately, the teacher could
take a joke and didn’t punish them
ایزابلا غرور خود را بلعید و اعتراف کرد که اشتباه کرده است
Isabella swallowed her pride and admitted that she was wrong
swallow your pride
وقتی من برایش شیرینی نمی خریدم بچه عصبانی می شود
the child throw a tantrum when I wouldn’t buy him any sweets
throw a tantrum
بالاخره صبرم را از دست دادم و سرش فریاد زدم
Finally I lost my patience and shouted at her
نیک به سختی با بیماری خود کنار آمد
Nick has found it hard to come to terms with his illness
come to terms with
ناکامی دنیل در حمایت از او قطعاً شخصیت واقعی او را آشکار کرده است
Daniel’s failure to support her has certainly revealed his true character
reveal your true character
پدرم صورت گرد و سبیل آویزان دارد.
مادر من چهره نوک تیزتری دارد
و یک بینی صاف
خواهر کوچکترم بیشتر شبیه پدرم است.
او یک صورت بیضی شکل و یک بینی به سمت بالا دارد.
خواهر بزرگتر من مثل یک مدل است. او اندام باریک و کمر باریکی دارد.
او چهره ای دوست داشتنی و موهای زیبا و براق و تا شانه دارد، و همیشه بی عیب و نقص است.
من در کنار او احساس خیلی معمولی می کنم - من موهای زبر و باسن دارم، اما او همیشه می گوید من زیبا به نظر می رسم
My father has a round face and a droopy moustache.
My mother has a more pointed face
and a straight nose.
My younger sister is more like my father.
she has an oval face and an upturned nose.
my older sister is like a model. she has a slim figure and a slender waist.
she has a lovely complexion and beautiful sleek, shoulder-length hair, and she’s always immaculately groomed.
I feel so ordinary next to her - I’ve got coarse hair and rather board hips, but she always says I look nice
round face
droopy moustache
pointed face
straight nose
oval face
upturned nose
slender waist
lovely complexion
sleek
shoulder-lenght hair
immaculately groomed
coarse hair
board hips
پدرم و دو برادر بزرگترم همگی خوش اندام با شانه های پهن هستند.
پدرم در حال کچل شدن است، اما برای یک نفر که بالای چهل سال دارد هنوز ظاهری بسیار جوان دارد
برادران من هر دو موهای پرپشت و ابروهای پرپشتی دارند
برادر کوچکتر من فقط دو سال دارد، اما او بسیار بامزه است، با گونه های چاق
خانواده مادرم اکثرا موهای تیره دارند در واقع مادرم موهای تیره داشت
وقتی جوانتر بود موهای سیاه و سفید داشت، قبل از اینکه خاکستری شود، اما از طرف پدران من، برخی موهای روشن دارند و برخی موهای زنجبیلی دارند.
my father and my two older brothers are all well-built with broad shoulders.
my father is going bald but he still has a very youthful appearance for some one who is over forty
my brothers both have thick hair and bushy eyebrows
my younger brother is only two, but he’s very cute, with chubby cheeks
my mother’s side of the family mostly have dark-hair in fact my mother had
jet-black hair when she was younger, before she went grey but on my fathers side, some have fair hair and some have ginger hair
well-built
broad shoulders
going bald
youthful appearance
thick hair
bushy eyebrows
chubby cheeks
dark hair
jet-black hair
went grey
fair hair
ginger hair
زنی کوتاه قد در دکه ای در گوشه خیابان گل می فروخت.
a short dumpy woman was selling flowers at a stall on the street corner.
this collocation is slightly negative and used more often of women than of men
یک آقای خوش اخلاق در را پاسخ داد.
a portly gentleman answered the door.
fat and round; usually used of middle-aged and older men
جوانی لاغر اندام گوشه خیابان ایستاده بود
A lanky youth was standing at the street corner
tall and thin and tending to move awkwardly
دوست ندارم مردم مرا با موهای ژولیده و لباس های کثیف ببینند
I would’nt like peaple to see me with dishevelled hair and dirty clothes
very untidy, used of peaple’s hair and appearance
او شباهت زیادی به پدرش دارد
He bears a striking resemblance to his father
looks remarkably like
خانمی که وارد اتاق شد ظاهر بسیار چشمگیری داشت
the lady who entered the room had a very striking appearance
unusual appearance, in a positive, atractive sense
جامعه شناسان در مورد خانواده های هسته ای و گسترده صحبت می کنند.
خانواده هسته ای فقط والدین و فرزندان هستند.
یک خانواده گسترده شبکه گسترده تری از جمله پدربزرگ و مادربزرگ، پسرعمو و غیره است
اقوام نزدیک کسانی هستند مانند والدین، فرزندان، برادران یا خواهران.
اقوام دور مانند پسرعموهای دوم یا پسرعموهای دور هستند.
sociologists talk about nuclear and extended families.
A nuclear family is just parents and children.
An extended family is a wider network including grandparents, cousins, etc
close relatives are those like parents, children, brothers or sisters.
Distant relatives are peaple like second cousins or distant cousins.
(a children of a cousin of your mother or father)
خانواده نزدیک / نزدیک به افرادی اطلاق می شود که نزدیکترین خویشاوند خونی شما هستند.
من خانواده نزدیک/فاصله زیادی ندارم.
او پسر عموی دور من است. او یک خویشاوند خونی نیست
همچنین میتوان از نزدیک به این معنی استفاده کرد که رابطه بسیار قوی است:
ما یک خانواده بسیار صمیمی هستیم یا ما یک خانواده بسیار صمیمی هستیم.
Close/immediate family refers to peaple who are your nearest blood relatives.
I don’t have much close/immediate family.
she’s a distant cousin of mine; she’s not a blood relative.
close can also be used to mean that the relationship is a very strong one:
we are a very close family. or we are a very close-knit family.
دوست داشتنی، قابل احترام، ناکارآمد
هنری از خانواده ای محترم بود، بنابراین والدین الا از ازدواج خوشحال بودند
these adjectives also collocate with family:
loving, respectable, dysfunctional
henry came from a respectable family, so ella’s parents felt happy about the marriage
شوهر/همسر مرحوم فلانی کسی است که فوت کرده است.
شوهر/همسر بیگانه کسی است که در مکانی متفاوت زندگی می کند و رابطه سختی با همسر/زن خود دارد.
آنها ممکن است جدایی آزمایشی داشته باشند و در نهایت تصمیم به طلاق بگیرند.
در برخی موارد ممکن است طلاق تلخ/سختی باشد.
شوهر/همسر سابق یک فرد مرد/زنی است که قبلاً با او ازدواج کرده است.
someone’s late husband/wife is one who has died.
An estranged husband/wife is one who lives in a different place and has a difficult relationship with their husband/wife.
they maybe having a trial separation and may eventually decide to get a divorce.
In some cases it can be a bitter/acrimonious divorce.
(full of anger, arguments and bad feeling)
a person’s ex-husband/ex-wife is a man/woman that she/he used to be married to.
گفته می شود کودکانی که والدینشان از هم جدا شده اند یا طلاق گرفته اند، از یک خانه خراب می آیند.
اگر خانواده آنها یک خانواده قوی و دوست داشتنی باشد، می توان آن را یک خانه پایدار نامید.
اگر فقیر باشد، نداشتن چیزهای لازم برای یک زندگی خوشایند مانند پول کافی، غذا یا شرایط خوب زندگی را می توان خانه محروم نامید.
لیسانس تایید شده مردی است که به نظر می رسد هرگز قصد ازدواج ندارد.
children whose parents have seperated or divorsed are said to come from a broken home.
If their family is a strong, loving one it can be called a stable home.
If it is a poor one, not having the things that are necessary for a pleasant life, such as enough money, food or good living conditions, it can be called a deprived home.
A confirmed bachelore is a man who seems to have no intention of ever marrying.
آنها امیدوارند به زودی تشکیل خانواده بدهند
they are hoping to start a family soon
من دوست دارم سه فرزند داشته باشم
I’d like to have three children
have children
آسترید در انتظار بچه دار شدن است
Astrid is expecting a baby
آلیسا دیروز بچه اش را به دنیا آورد
Alyssa had her baby yesteday
(not get a baby)
have a baby
تولد نوزاد هفته آینده است
the baby is due next week
=expected to arrive
تک والد بودن سخت است
it’s hard being a single parent
may be either unmarried or divorced
بزرگ کردن / بزرگ کردن فرزندان / خانواده
ویولت مجبور شد چهار فرزند خردسال را خودش بزرگ کند
raise/bring up children/ a family
violet had to bring up four young children on her own
درخواست برای حضانت دادن/اعطا/حضانت
پدر تقاضای حضانت فرزندان را کرد، اما قاضی حضانت را به مادرش داد
apply for custody of give/grant/custody
the father applied for custody of the children, but the judge gave/granted custody to her mother
ساعات طولانی کار می کند تا خانواده اش را تامین کند
nice works very long hours to provide for his family
ما الان با مادرم زندگی می کنیم، اما به زودی خودمان خانه را راه می اندازیم
we live with my mum now, but we’ll set up home on our own soon
ناتان با دختری که در تعطیلات ملاقات کرده بود دوست شد
nathan srtuck up a friendship with a girl he met on holiday
srtike a friendship = start a friendship
آدری با پسری که در مدرسه ابتدایی کنار او نشسته بود، دوستی پایداری برقرار کرد
Audrey formed a lasting friendship with the boy she sat next to at primary school
form/develope a friendship
not make a friendship
گذراندن چند هفته در تعطیلات با هم دوستی آنها را تقویت کرده است
spending several weeks on holiday together has cemented their friendships
cement/spoil a friendship
cement= strengthen
spoil= have a bad effect on
ما با هم در مدرسه بودیم، اما دوستی ما بعد از ترک مدرسه بیشتر شد
we were at school together, but our friendship grew after we would left school
a friendship grows
grow= get stronger
خوشحالم که بچه های ما اینقدر دوستان صمیمی هستند
I’m glad that our children are such close friends
close/special friends
mutual friends= friends that you share with someone else
من سانتیاگو را خوب نمی شناسم، ما فقط با هم آشنا هستیم
I don’t know santiago well, we’re just casual acquaintance
some one you know a little
وقتی دوره به پایان رسید باید در تماس باشیم
we must keep in contact when the course ends
keep in contact/touch
opposite= lose contact/touch
a love story
fell madly in love with
love at first sight
the love of my life
love was returned
desperately in love
make a commitment
accepted his proposal
love each other unconditionally
having an affair
آپارتمان کاملا مبله قابل اجاره از اول سپتامبر.
منطقه مسکونی آرام
fully furnished flat avilable to rent from 1st september.
quiet residential area
آپارتمان نوساز
آشپزخانه کاملا مجهز
پارکینگ خارج از جاده
newly-built apartment
fully-fitted kitchen
off-road parking
اقامت کوتاه مدت
short-let accommodation
این یک خانه بزرگ چهار طبقه قدیمی است.
این یک اتاق نشیمن خاص دارد که منظره ای فوق العاده از پارک دارد و یک اتاق مطالعه دنج که در آن هر دو می توانیم کار کنیم.
چند اتاق خواب دلپذیر و نورگیر وجود دارد که مشرف به باغ هستند.
یک آپارتمان زیرزمین جداگانه وجود دارد که ممکن است آن را به یک آپارتمان مادربزرگ برای مادرم تبدیل کنیم.
اگر بخواهیم یک افزونه اضافه کنیم، جا برای آن وجود دارد.
باید به طور کامل بازسازی شود، اما ما همیشه می خواهیم یک خانه قدیمی را بسازیم.
It’s a big old four-storey house.
It’s got a specious living room which has a wonderful view of the park, and a cosy study where we can both work.
there are some lovely light, airy bedrooms which overlook the garden.
there is a seperate basement flat, which we might turn into a granny flat for my mother.
If we want to add an extension there’s room for that.
it needs to be completely refurbished, but we always want to do up an old house.
spacious living room
has a view of
cosy study
light and airy bedrooms
basement flat
turn into a granny flat
add an extension or build an extension
completely refurbished
do up an old house
من دوست دارم از آپارتمان یک خوابه وحشتناک خود نقل مکان کنم.
در چنین ساختمان ویران است.
شما به یک سالن پر آب، در یک راهروی سرد و به این اتاق واقعاً تنگ می روید.
من میخواهم جایی برای خودم بخرم، اما کمبود مسکن مقرون به صرفه در اینجا وجود دارد و نمیخواهم وام مسکن بزرگی بگیرم.
امیدوارم مرا به مهمانی خانه گرم خود دعوت کنید.
I’d love to move out of my awful one-bedroom flat.
it’s in such a dilapidated building.
you go into a draughty hall, down a chilly corridor and into this really cramped room.
i want to buy a place of my own but there’s a shortage of affordable housing here and I don’t want to take out a big mortgage.
I’ll hope you invite me to your house-warming party.
move out
dilapidated building
droughty hall
chilly corridor
cramped room
a place of my own
affordable housing
take out mortgage
invite me
house-warming party
دور شدن از خانواده باعث شد که او احساس غربت کند.
خانواده او برای استقبال از او در خانه جشنی ترتیب می دهند.
(به مهمانی که تازه وارد شده است) وارد شوید و در حالی که آماده شدن شام را تمام کنید، خودتان را در خانه بسازید.
من مدت زیادی است که در آکسفورد زندگی نکرده ام اما در اینجا احساس می کنم در خانه هستم.
من می خواهم خانه دوم را در نزدیکی ساحل بخرم
moving away from her family made her feel homesick.
his family are throwing a party to welcome him home.
(to a guest who’s just arrived) come in and make yourself at home while finish getting dinner ready.
I havn’t lived in Oxford for long but I already feel at home here.
I’d like to buy second home near the coast.
feel homesick
welcome him home
make yourself at home
feel at home
second home
meals which make you healthy and strong
nourishing meals
وعده های غذایی مغذی
foods produced from farming, e.g. dairy produce, agricultural produce;
fresh produce
تولید تازه
meals already prepared or which just need to be heated quickly before eating
ready meals
substances added to food to improve its teste or appearance or to preserve it
food additives
افزودنی های مواد غذایی
I can’t believe food additives are good for our long-term health
foods which are changed or treated as part of an industrial operation
processed foods
غذاهای فراوری شده
genetically modified foods
GM foods
غذاهای تراریخته
No, and I think processed foods in general are probably bad for us, not to mention GM foods
food which goes bad quickly, e.g. cheese, fish
perishable food
رستوران غذای فاسد شدنی را بیرون از یخچال گذاشته بود و برخی از مردم دچار مسمومیت غذایی شدند، بنابراین مقامات آن را تعطیل کردند.
the restaurant was leaving perishable food lying round outside the fridge, and some peaple got food poisoning, so the authorities closed it down
چه یک غذای سبک باشد یا یک غذای مهم که به دنبال آن هستید، چه بخواهید یک غذای دم دستی، یک غذای لذیذ یا صرفاً غذای خوشمزه و خانگی، برای همه در منطقه رستوران بندر قدیمی غذا وجود دارد. از غذای خوب در محیطی دلپذیر لذت ببرید
whether it’s a light meal or a substantial (large) meal you’re looking for, whether you want a slap-up meal(unusually large and good), a gourmet meal(high-quality) or just tasty, home-cooked food, there’s sth for everyone in the old port restaurant area. enjoy good food in a pleasant setting.
بیایید یک کافه پیدا کنیم و یک میان وعده سریع بخوریم.
و من واقعاً می توانستم با یک نوشیدنی تازه کار کنم
let’s find a cafe and have a quick snack.
And I could really do with a refreshing drink.
دارم از گرسنگی میمیرم! من به یک وعده غذایی مناسب نیاز دارم
I’m dying of hunger! I need a decent meal
می دانم که اشتهایتان سالم است، اما فقط سه ساعت پیش صبحانه مقوی خوردید! خوب، حالا یک نوشابه و یک کیسه چیپس و بعداً یک ناهار مناسب چطور؟
I know you have a healthy appetite, but you had a hearty breakfast only three hours ago! well, how about having a soft drink and a bag of crisps now, and a proper lunch later?
چیپس فقط اشتهای شما را از بین می برد.
نگاه کنید، این رستوران خوب به نظر می رسد و منوی مجموعه قیمت مناسبی دارد.
crisps will only spoil your appetite.
look, this restaurant looks good and the set menu is reasonably priced.
when referring in general to the food of a country or culture we say chinese/mexican/french…
food/cooking/cuisine
international food
international cuisine
وقتی کتاب یا فیلمی منتشر میشود، روزنامهها و وبسایتها مانند کتابها و IMDB آن را بررسی میکنند
when a book or films comes out, newspapers and websites, like booklikes and IMDB, will review it.
افرادی که کتاب/فیلم را نقد می کنند، منتقدان کتاب/ منتقدان فیلم نامیده می شوند و نقد کتاب/فیلم می نویسند.
the peaple who review the book/film are called book reviewers/film critics and they write book/film reviews.
اگر کتاب یا فیلمی را دوست نداشته باشند، نقد بدی به آن می دهند.
می توان گفت که یک رمان یا فیلم بر اساس یک داستان واقعی است
می گوییم یک کتاب یا فیلم فضایی را به تصویر می کشد یا کتاب یا فیلمی به موضوعی می پردازد
If they don’t like a book or film they give it a bad review.
we can say that a novel or film is based on a true story
we say that a book or film captures an atmosphere or that a book or film deals with a topic
ما در مورد صحنه های آغازین یا پایانی یک فیلم و فصل های آغازین یا پایانی یک کتاب صحبت می کنیم
ما در مورد شروع و پایان یک کتاب یا فیلم صحبت می کنیم
we talk about the opening or closing scenes of a film and the opening or closing chapters of a book
we talk about the begining and end of a book or film(not start and finish)
اگر همه چیز برای شخصیت های اصلی خوب پیش برود، می گوییم که کتاب یا فیلم پایان خوشی دارد
ممکن است کتاب یا فیلمی را که از آن لذت برده اید به یک دوست توصیه کنید
اگر افراد زیادی از آن لذت برده اند، به شدت توصیه می شود
If everything works out well for the central characters, we say that the book or film has a happy ending
you may recommend a book or film that you enjoyed to a friend
If a lot of peaple have enjoyed it, it is highly recommended
من هرگز تمایلی نداشتم که خودم روی صحنه بروم، اما دوست دارم یک فیلم تولید کنم.
فکر میکنم درامهای تاریخی بهویژه روی پرده بزرگ کار میکنند و دوست دارم فیلمی درباره وایکینگها به زبان انگلیسی بسازم.
I’ve never had any desire go on the stage (become an actor)myself but I’d love to produce a film.
I think historical dramas work particularly well on the big screen(the cinama) and I’d love to make a film about Vikings in Britian.
فرصتهای زیادی برای استفاده از جلوههای ویژه (جلوههای بصری قدرتمند، که اغلب با استفاده از فناوری ایجاد میشوند) در طول صحنههای نبرد وجود خواهد داشت.
من دوست دارم نقش اصلی مرد (نقش اصلی مرد) توسط هیو جکمن بازی شود، در حالی که جنیفر لارنس می تواند نقش اصلی زن را داشته باشد.
لیام نیسین می تواند نقش یک جنگجوی ویکینگ را بازی کند و من دوست دارم جودی دنچ نقش کوتاهی را بازی کند.
من مطمئن هستم که او مانند همیشه عملکرد عالی خواهد داشت.
رویای من ساختن فیلمی است که نامزد اسکار شود
البته، من هم دوست دارم که در گیشه موفق شود و در کل جهان پخش شود
there’d be plenty of opportunities to use special effects(powerful visual effects, often created using technology) during battle scenes
I’d want the male lead(main male part) to be played by Hugh Jackman, while jennifer lawrence could have the female lead
liam neesin could play the role of a wiking warrior and I’d like Judi Dench to take on a cameo role(small but special part).
I’m sure that, as always, she would give an excellent performance.
my dream is to make a film that would be nominated for an Oscar(put on the official list of peaple in the film world who may recieve a special prize)
of course, I’d also like it to be an immidiate box-office hit(extremely successful with audiences), playing to full houses(cinamas/theatres with no empty seats) worldwide
select the actors for a film
cast a film
star in a film
shoot a film
make a film
کلودیا آنقدر غرق در کتابش بود که صدای من را نشنید
claudia was so engrossed/absorbed in her book that she didn’t hear me
be engrossed/absorbed in a book
بسیاری از مردم مقالاتی در مورد زندگی خصوصی ستاره های سینما با خواندن اجباری پیدا می کنند
many peaple find articles about the private lives of film stars compulsive reading
فکر نمی کنم داستان ترسناک خواندن قبل از خواب خوب باشد
I don’t think horror story makes good bedtime reading
داستان های کارآگاهی برای سفر با قطار خوب هستند زیرا خواندنی آسان هستند
Detective stories are good for train journeys as they’re an easy read
می توانید آخرین نسخه های کتاب را جستجو کنید و یک کتاب صوتی را از فروشگاه iTunes دانلود کنید. من فقط به مادرم کمک کردم تا یک برنامه کتابخوان الکترونیکی را روی رایانه لوحی خود دانلود کند
you can look up the latest book releases and download an audiobook from the iTunes store. I’ve just helped my mother download an e-book reader app on her tablet
مونا بدون خواندن جزئیات کتاب را ورق زد/ مرور کرد
Mona flicked/skimmed through the book without reading it in detail
کتاب به زیبایی نوشته شده است - من آن را به شدت توصیه می کنم
the book is beautifully written - I highly recommend it
critics review books and films, Not criticise them. To criticise a book or film means to say negative things about it.
Remember that you watch television, Not see television, but you can see or watch a film or programme on television.
we usually say see a film at the cinema
موسیقی شکوفه از مرکز زمین
ورود جدید به صحنه موسیقی راک، شکوفایی در حال حاضر تاثیر بزرگی دارد.
bloom music from the centre of the earth
new arrivals on the rock music scene, bloom are already a big impact.
music scene
اگر به دنبال موسیقی پسزمینه هستید، این برای شما مناسب نیست، اما اگر میخواهید موسیقی از طریق Hi-Fi شما پخش شود و همسایهها را آزار دهد، اولین آلبوم بلوم با آهنگهایی از اجرای زنده آنها در استادیوم تاخیری، ممکن است همان چیزی باشد که شما می خواهید
If you’re looking for background music, then this is not for you, but if you want music to blast out from your hi-fi and annoy the neighbours, then bloom’s debut album, with tracks from their live performance at the delay stadium, may be just what you want.
background music
blast out from(sound extremely loud)
debut album(presented to the public for the first time)
live performance
برای طرفداران آهنگ های آسان و جذاب، این تنها چیزی است که نیاز دارید.
در واقع آنقدر آرامش بخش است که ممکن است به خواب بروید.
مک روی اجرای احساسی این آهنگ های عاشقانه قدیمی را ارائه می دهد.
در 47 سالگی، او دقیقاً یک بت پاپ نیست، اما طرفداران عاشق آن را دوست خواهند داشت.
for fans of easy listening and catchy tunes, this is all you need.
infact it’s so relaxing you might just fall asleep.
MacRoy gives a sentimental performance of these old love songs.
at 47, he’s not exactly a pop idol but his adoring fans will love it.
easy listening (music that is not serious or difficult)
catchy(pleasan and easy to remember)tunes
gives a … performance
pop idol
adoring fans
این یک سمفونی راک، یک قطعه موسیقی خارق العاده است.
پس از موفقیت بزرگ آنها در سال 2015 با Megalith، شرکت ضبط آنها این آلبوم را به امید موفقیت بزرگ دیگری منتشر کرده است.
خود گروه موسیقی را نوشتند.
آنها طرفداران زیادی دارند و قرار است اواخر امسال به تور بروند.
this is a rock symphony, an extraodinary piece of music.
After their massive hit in 2015 with Megalith, their record company has released this album hoping for another big hit.
The band themselves wrote the music.
they have a huge following and are due to go on tour later this year.
upiece of music
massive hit
released
big hit
wrote the music
huge following
go on tour
ملودیهای شگفتانگیز و اجرای گاه به گاه دو تکنواز آن، این مجموعه از موسیقی کلاسیک محبوب بریتانیا را مشخص میکند که هدف آن جذب مخاطبان وسیعتری برای آثار کلاسیک و ترویج میراث موسیقی بریتانیا است.
راجر کرو رهبری ارکستر را بر عهده دارد.
خود کلاغ دو قطعه از این قطعه را ساخته است، از این رو عنوان.
هدیه تولدت مبارک برای عمو و عمه ات.
اما اگر واقعاً عاشق موسیقی کلاسیک هستید، پول خود را پس انداز کنید.
Haunting melodies and the occasional virtuoso performance from its two soloists mark this collection of popular British classical music, which aims to capture a wider audience for the classics and to promote Britian’s musical heritage.
Roger crow conducts the orchestra.
crow himself composed two of the pieces, hence the title.
Good birthday present for your uncle and aunt.
But if you’re a real classical music lover, save your money.
Haunting melodies
occasional virtuoso(extremely skilful)performance
capture a wider audience
musical heritage
conducts the orchestra
composed pieces
music lover
آلبوم دوگانه جدید Bust-out دارای Jola V، یک هنرمند رپ جوان اهل میامی است.
جولا قبلا با گروه هیپ هاپ شیساگو Frenzy بود، اما در سال 2015 به صورت انفرادی رفت.
گروه چهار قطعه از آلبومهای قبلی را ریمیکس کرده است و اعداد با سرعت بالا جولا بر هیجان آن افزوده است.
Bust-out’s new double album features Jola V, a young rap artist from Miami.
Jola used to be with chisago hip-hop band Frenzy, but went solo in 2015.
The band have remixed four tracks from earlier albums and Jola’s up-tempo numbers just add to the excitement.
features(includes as an important part)
rap artist (rock music in which rhymed lyrics are spoken over rhythm tracks)
went solo
remixed(made a new version of a musical track)
up-tempo(played at a fast beat)
روز پیش مارتین را دیدم که با گیتار می زد. نمی دانستم او می تواند بازی کند.
او نمی تواند. او فقط دوست دارد مردم فکر کنند او می تواند. او هیچ استعداد موسیقی ندارد.
I saw Martin strumming a guitar the other day. I didn’t know he could play.
He can’t. He just likes peaple to think he can. He’s got no musical talent whatsoever.
من گیتار را گرفته ام من تا الان سه درس داشتم.
عالیه. من عاشق موسیقی زنده هستم. چه چیزی می توانید بازی کنید؟
خوب، هفته اول همه چیز در مورد کوک کردن ساز بود. هفته آینده باید یک قطعه برای معلمم بنوازم.
I’ve taken up the guitar. I’ve had three lessons so far.
That’s great. I love live music. what can you play?
well, the first week was all about tuning the instrument. I’ve got to play a piece for my teacher next week.
taken up the guitar
live music
tuning the instrument
play a piece
ورزشکاران و زنان ورزشکار می خواهند در مسابقات پیروز شوند نه اینکه در مسابقات شکست بخورند.
اما شما نمی توانید همیشه برنده شوید!
گاهی اوقات یک تیم یا بازیکن مستحق برد است، اما به سختی شکست میخورد/شکست میخورد
sportsmen and sportswomen want to win matches, not lose matches.
but you can’t win all the time!
some times a team or player deserves to win, but gets narrowly defeated/beaten
win matches
lose matches
deserve to win
narrowly defeated/beaten
قبل از اینکه ورزشکاران برای شرکت در مسابقه شرکت کنند، به سختی تمرین می کنند.
آنها احتمالاً حداقل پنج جلسه آموزشی در هفته شرکت می کنند / انجام می دهند.
آنها به احتمال زیاد برای به دست آوردن/به دست آوردن جایگاه در مرحله/دور بعدی رقابت مبارزه خواهند کرد.
before they go in for/enter a competition, athletes train hard.
they probably attend/do at least five training sessions a week.
they are likely to put up a fight to gain/get a place in the next stage/round of the competition.
go in for/enter a competition
train hard
attend/do training sessions
put up a fight
gain/get a place
stage/round of the competition
البته هدف نهایی یک ورزشکار شکستن رکورد جهانی در ورزش خود است.
اگر موفق شوند یک رکورد جهانی جدید ثبت می کنند و رکورددار جهانی می شوند.
آنها مطمئناً در هنگام تلاش برای دستیابی به جاه طلبی های خود با یک رقابت شدید/عمدی روبرو خواهند شد.
گاهی اوقات آنها راضی هستند اگر فقط به بهترین شکل شخصی دست یابند.
of course, a sportsperson’s ultimate aim is to break the world record in their sport.
if they succeed, they set a new world record and become a world record holder.
they are sure to come up against fierce/intence sompetition as they try to achieve their ambitions.
sometimes they are satisfied if they just avhieve a personal best.
break the world record
set a new world record
world record holder
come up against fierce/intense competition
achieve their ambitions
achieve a personal best
برخی از ورزشکاران آنقدر ناامیدانه می خواهند برنده شوند که برای افزایش عملکرد خود دارو مصرف می کنند.
این زمانی کشف می شود که آنها در آزمایش مواد مخدر شکست بخورند
some sports peaple so desperately want to win that they take drugs to enhunce their performance.
this will be descovered when they fail a drug test.
desperately want
enhunce their performance
fail a drug test
شما می توانید بازی کنید یا یک مسابقه (فوتبال) / بازی (فوتبال) داشته باشید.
بسته به اینکه در زمین خانگی تیم خود بازی می کنید یا خیر، ممکن است یک بازی خانگی یا خارج از خانه باشد
you can play or have a (football) matche/game (of football).
it might be a home or an away match depending on whether you’re playing on your team’s home ground or not.
play or have a (football) matche/game (of football).
home ground
home/away match
هدف گلزنی است
بازیکنان ممکن است برای تصاحب توپ با حریف تکل بزنند.
اگر به روشی غیرقانونی تکل بزنید، حریف خود را خطا می کنید.
این باعث می شود که داور سوت خود را بزند و حریف پنالتی یا ضربه آزاد بزند.
the aim is to score a goal.
players may tackle an opponent to try to take possession of the ball.
if you tackle in an illegal way, you foul your opponent.
this will lead to the referee blowing his whistle and an opponent taking a penalty or taking a free kick.
score a goal
tackle an opponent
take possession of the ball
foul your opponent
blowing his whistle
taking a penalty
taking a free kick
drop the player
bring on a substitute
taken the lead
اگر کسی خیلی خوب بازی نمی کند، سرمربی ممکن است تصمیم بگیرد که بازیکن را از تیم کنار بگذارد یا یک بازیکن جایگزین بیاورد.
هر دو تیم امیدوارند تا نیمه دوم پیش بیفتند
if someone isn’t playing very well the manager may decide to drop the player from the team or bring on a substitute.
Both teams hope that they will have taken the lead by half-time
drop the player
bring on a substitute
taken the lead
catch
I got soaking and caught a cold
a cold, the flu, a chill, pneumonia
contract
(formal)
uncle jess contracted malaria while he was working in africa
a disease
malaria
typhoid
develop
(formal)
my grandfather developed Alzheimer’s disease and could no longer remember things or recognise peaple
(lung/breast) cancer, diabetes, AIDS, arthritis, Alzheimer’s disease
suffer from
she has suffered from asthma all her life
asthma, hay fever, backache
suffer from
she has suffered from asthma all her life
asthma
hay fever
backache
have an attack of
she had an attack of hay fever and was sneezing non-stop
bronchitis
asthma
hay fever
diarrhoea
be diagnosed with
he was diagnosed with lung cancer and died a year later
(lung/breast) cancer
AIDS
leukaemia
autism
suffer/sustain
formal
the driver sustained serious head injuries in the crash
(major/minor/serious/head) injuries
collocations relating to fitness
take vigorous exercise
balanced diet
healthy earing
follow fitness programme
stick to your programme
kept fit
talking about sickness and pain
my proof friend gina is terminally ill(she will die soon) she suffers excruciating/unbearable pain most of the time.
apparently it’s an incurable illness that runs in her family.
Dave annoys everyone at work. he takes days off even for the most trivial/minor ailments.
it’s a serious illness, but probably not life-threatening.
for a few days it was acutely/intensely painful, but now it’s just a dull ache.
my doctor prescribed me some tablets and they relieved/alleviated the pain.
cora was taken ill the other day.
she’s in hospital. they’re not sure what it is yet.
i had a heavy cold and a splitting headache, so I wasn’t in a good mood
(opposite of a heavy cold is a slight cold)
terminally ill
excruciating/unbearable pain
incurable illness
trivial/minor ailments
serious illness
life-threatening
acutely/intensely painful
dull ache
prescribed
some tablets
relieved/alleviated the pain
taken ill
heavy cold
splitting headache
online research
A good place to start is by looking at a definition of your topic or your essay question and making a note of any keywords.
use those to do a web search and start reading through the results.
there are a lot of online resources’ to help you search effectively.
many search engines have ‘hints and tips’ pages which show you how to use them more efficiently and this can help you to refine your search.
it’s important to evaluate sites critically
one way to access reliable information is to subscribe to online journals to get more information on specific topics such as medicine, science etc. you can often search by keyword in back issues to find older articles that might be relevant.
place to start
making a note
do a web search
online resources (useful online materials)
hints and tips
refine your search (make your search more accurate)
evaluate critically (think carefully about whether sth is reliable or truthful)
do an exam
I have to sit/take an exam in biology at the end of term
do research
do a research project
our class carried out/conducted a research project into the history of our school
do a course
I decided to enrol on/take a course in computer programming
do a degree/diploma
she studied for/took a degree in engineering
do a subject
I studied/took history and economics in high school
do an essay/assignment
all students have to write an essay/assignment at the end of term
do a lecture/talk
professor parkinson gave a lecture on the american civil war
get a degree/diploma
he obtained/was awarded a diploma in Town planning in 2010
get a grade
her essay recieved/was given an A-grade
get a qualification
tou will meed to obtain/acquire a qualification in social work
get an education
the country is poor; only 27% of children recieve a basic education
more collocations connected with study and learning
do you keep a vocabulary notebook?
I did the first draft of my essay last week and the final draft this week
i have to hand it in tomorrow then the teacher gives us feedback after about a week
we don’t have exams at my school. we have continuous assassment.(system where the quality of a student’s work is judged by pieces of course work and not by one final examination)
the local technocal college provides training for young peaple in a variety of professions.
after secondary school, 30% of the population go on to higher/tertiary education, and 20% of adults do some sort of further education course during their lives.
does your governments recognise foreign qualifications for school teachers?
keep a notebook
first draft
final draft
gives feedback
continuous assassment
provides training
higher/tertiary education
further education
recognise qualifications
CAREER
to wreck/ruin someone’s career
at the height/peak of your career
her career lasted…
to embark on a career?(to start a career)
to have a career in(medicine) a brilliant career
to climb the career ladder
a promising career
a career takes off(a career starts to become very successful)
WORK
to carry out work
to supervise work
to complete work
to work closely with
available to start work
to take on work
Job
a fulfilling job
a demanding job
a steady job
a high-powered job
to apply for a job
to offer someone a job
a permanent job
Job adverts
do you a good knowledge of the fashion industry?
Do you have experience in sales?
Are you a good team player?
Are you looking for a stimulating
working environment?
Would you like to be an integral part of
a close team?
We can offer you job satisfaction and
generous benefits?
Vacancy must be filled? within
three weeks.
have experience
good team player(a person who co-operates well with other peaple)
stimulating working environment
integral part
close team
job satisfaction
generous benefits(good rewards for work - not just salary but also perhaps a company car, good holiday entitlement)
vacancy must be filled(the job must be offered to someone and accepted)
Things you might do at work
Bella has a job as a PA. Basically her role is to take charge of her boss, who is not a very organised person, and make sure nothing goes wrong. She makes appointments for her boss
and she makes sure he keeps his appointments. She spends a lot of time answering the phone
and fielding telephone calls!
on his behalf. When her boss has to travel, she makes the
reservations for him. When her boss has to give a presentation, she makes all the preparations
that are required, including making photocopies of any papers that he needs. She arranges
meetings for him and she takes the minutes?
at the meetings. Bella is a very well-organised
person. She keeps a record of everything she does at work and sets herself targets. She does
her best to achieve her goals. Every morning she makes a list of everything she needs to do.
Today the first thing on her list is Hand in my notice?3! But she’s not going to take early retirement. She’s got a new job where she will be the boss and will have her own PA.
take charge of
goes wrong
makes appointments
keeps his appointments
fielding telephone calls(dealing with all the calls she can handle herself and only putting the most urgent ones through
to her boss)
makes the reservations
give a presentation
make the preparations
making photocopies
arranges meetings
takes the minutes(keeps the official record of a meeting)
keeps a record
set targets
achieve her goals
makes a list
hand in my notice(resign, inform her boss she’s planning to stop working for him)
take early retirement
What do the collocations in bold in the text below mean? Use a dictionary to help you.
Kika started out in a dead-end job in a jam factory but she ended up with a glittering career
on the stage, a career spanning five decades. She is quoted as saying ‘Stage acting may not be
a particularly lucrative job but it has to be one of the most rewarding jobs in the world.’
dead-end job :A dead-end job is a job where there is little or no chance of career development and advancement into a better position.
glittering career
career spanning
lucrative job(job which you can earn a lot of money)
rewarding job (the job which is worthy)
Academic journals
In 1998, Lucas Georgescu published the
results of his groundbreaking research
on genetics. His latest paper also makes a significant contribution to the field. He
sets out some powerful arguments
which will shape our thinking for years
to come.
groundbreaking research
makes a significant contribution
sets out
pwerful arguments
shape(influence) our thinking
Academic writing: academic journals
In this latest book, Marina Kass gives an
account of Karl Marx’ philosophy and
provides evidence to support the claim
that Garpov seriously misinterpreted Marx.
In addition, the book offers a concise?
summary of the present state of Marxist
philosophy.
gives an account of (interestingly describe)
provides evidence
support the claim
concise summary(short and clear)
Academic journals
Partridge strenuously defends her theory, which has come under attack recently in several journals.
She argues that the Prime Minister played a central role in the political crisis of 1811, and goes into great
detail to support her argument.
strenuosly defneds
come under attack(has been attacked)
played a central role
goes into great detail
Academic journals
Nathan Peel attempts to establish a
connection between mobile phone use
and physical damage to users’ brains, but he does not offer irrefutable proof and the statistics do not show any significant trends.
establish a connection
irrefutable proof
significant trends
strong expressions of opinion
The invention of the steam engine was the key factor in the birth of the industrial revolution.
The events of 1954 are a perfect example of how political leaders make misjudgments that have
serious long-term effects.
This is a clear illustration of the importance of a strong monetary policy.
key factor
perfect example
clear illustration(or clearly illustrates the need for sth)
Less strong expressions of opinion
The figures offer a tentative explanation of the causes of acid rain pollution. [an explanation given by
someone who is not totally certain that it is the correct explanation
The statistics broadly support the view that the economy is heading towards recession.
tentative explanation
broadly support
other general academic collocations
There is a strong tendency in the work of some linguists to suggest that spoken language is inferior to written language.
We must first gather evidence, then carry out a detailed study of all the factors that play a part in social conditioning.
You cannot expect your claim to be accepted if you cannot offer supporting evidence.
Simon Hart challenges the theory of social change put forward by Professor Kemp.
It is important in academic writing always to acknowledge your sources. If you fail to do this, you
will commit plagiarism. {use another person’s idea or a part of their work and pretend that it is your own]
strong tendecy
gather evidence
carry out a study
play a part
supporting evidence
challenges the theory
acknowledge your sources(always make it clear where it gots its information)
commit plagiarism
organising the text
Adverbs in English fall into two main
categories: those ending in -ly (e.g. softly)
and those with other endings (e.g. well).
fall into … categories
organising the text
In this chapter, I draw a distinction
between societies where democracy has
developed slowly and those where it came
about quickly or suddenly.
draw a distinction between
تمایز قائل شدن
organising the text
But we also need to take into
consideration the economic history
of Latin America as a whole.
take into comsideration(to considerate it)
organaising the text
Later, I shall make reference to the
work of Georgi Perelmutter, a leading
figure in the field of zoology.
make reference (I’ll notice that)
organising the text
Chapter 3 raises important questions
about the need for transport planning in
rapidly growing urban environments. It also
touches on issues such as pollytion.
raises questions ( bring up questions)
touches on issues ( it goes to talk about a matter)
organising the text
This chapter makes a case for
re-examining the assassination of President Kennedy in the light of
evidence which has emerged since 1963.
makes a case for
reinforcing argumenta
استدلال های تقویت کننده
reinforcing argumenta
Many studies have attempted to assess the significance of diet in the
prevention of cancer.
assess the significance ( try to calculate sth)
reinforcing arguments
Wastov lays emphasis on examining the vital first three years of a child’s
development.
lays emphasis on ( emphasis on sth)
reinforcing arguments
Some economists hold firmly to
the belief that a certain level of unemployment is inevitable.
hold firmly to (steongly)
more collocations for referring to arguments
The book The Eye of the Universe draws an analogy between the birth of the universe and a lottery.
It also draws parallels between the formation of new stars and the birth and death of flowers. It presents the case for a complete rethinking of how we understand space. The author, Patrick Rivaux, puts forward the argument that the universe is as it is because we humans are here looking at it.
The author takes up / adopts the position that the universe cannot have any beginning or end, and
states his opinion that we can never understand the universe using the human ideas of time and space.
He argues convincingly that the universe has a unique nature.
He draws attention to new research which suggests that other universes may also exist alongside ours. He briefly summarises the views of leading physicists and mathematicians, disagrees profoundly with some of them and draws the conclusion that science alone cannot solve the mystery of the universe.
draws an analogy :makes a comparison between things which have similar features, to help explain an idea»
draws parallels : says that something is very similar to something else
presents the case for
puts forward the argument
takes up/ adopts the position
states someone opinion
argues convincingly : argues in a way that makes people believe that something is true or right
draws attention to
briefly summarises : expresses the most important ideas in a short and clear form
disagrees profoundly : disagrees very strongly or in an extreme way
draws the conclusion
organising the text
academic writing: structuring an argument
Adverbs in English fall into two main
categories: those ending in -ly (e.g. softly)
and those with other endings (e.g. well).
fall into - categories
organising the text
academic writing: structuring an argument
In this chapter, I draw a distinction
between societies where democracy has
developed slowly and those where it came
about quickly or suddenly.
draw a distinction between
organising the text
academic writing: structuring an argument
But we also need to take into
consideration the economic history
of Latin America as a whole.
take into consideration
organising the text
academic writing: structuring an argument
Later, I shall make reference to the
work of Georgi Perelmutter, a leading
figure in the field of zoology.
make reference
organising the text
academic writing: structuring an argument
Chapter 3 raises important questions
about the need for transport planning in
rapidly growing urban environments. It also
touches on issues such as pollution.
raises questions
touches on issues
organising the text
academic writing: structuring an argument
This chapter makes a case for re-examining the assassination of President Kennedy in the light of evidence which has emerged since 1963
makes a case for
university lectures and collocations
Many studies have attempted to assess the significance of diet in the prevention of cancer.
assess the significance
university lectures and collocations
Wastov lays emphasis on examining the vital first three years of a child’s development.
lays emphasis on
university lectures and collocations
These statistics lend support to the view
that attitudes to the environment are
changing fundamentally.
lend support to
university lectures and collocations
Some economists hold firmly to the belief that a certain level of unemployment is inevitable.
hold firmly to
More collocations for referring to arguments
The book The Eye of the Universe draws an analogy between the birth of the universe and a lottery.
It also draws parallels? between the formation of new stars and the birth and death of flowers. It
presents the case for a complete rethinking of how we understand space. The author, Patrick Rivaux,
puts forward the argument that the universe is as it is because we humans are here looking at it.
The author takes up / adopts the position that the universe cannot have any beginning or end, and
states his opinion that we can never understand the universe using the human ideas of time and
space. He argues convincingly that the universe has a unique nature. He draws attention to new
research which suggests that other universes may also exist alongside ours. He briefly summarises*
the views of leading physicists and mathematicians, disagrees profoundly’ with some of them and
draws the conclusion that science alone cannot solve the mystery of the universe.
draws an analogy : makes a comparison between things which have similar features, to help explain an idea
draws parallels : says that something is very similar to something else
presents the case for
puts forward the argument
takes up/ adopts the position
states opinion
argues convincingly : argues in a way that makes people believe that something is true or right
draws attention to
research suggests
briefly summarises : expresses the most important ideas in a short and clear form
disagrees profoundly : disagrees very strongly or in an extreme way
draws the conclusion
verbs that collocate with law
obey/observe
pass
uphold/enforce
act within
repect
introduce
break
verbs that collocate with law
We must all observe the law at all times. (formal]
People who refuse to obey the law should be punished. (less formal]
A new law has been introduced/passed forbidding the use of mobile phones while driving.
The company acted within the law as regards the rights of its employees. [formal)
It is the job of the police to uphold/enforce the law. [make sure that people obey the law]
Noun and verb collocations
The new law forbids/prohibits smoking in all public places. [the law does not allow]
The rules permit/allow members to bring guests into the club only at weekends.
These rules/regulations apply to all students, not just new ones. [the rules are for]
If we follow the rules, at least 20 people must be present at the meeting. [do what the rules say]
The regulations require/stipulate that all students must register for the course. [formal: the rules say that]
We have to comply with the regulations concerning the testing of equipment. [formal: do what the
rules say]
I hope we can bend the rules and let her take the exam on another day. (informal: break the rules in a
way that is not considered important
law forbids/prohibits
rules permit/allow
rules/regulations apply to
follow the rules
regulations require/stipulate
comply with the regulations
bend the rules
carry out an investigation
Police are carrying out an investigation into a major theft in a factory in
Woodvale.
carrying out an investigation
appear in court
The trial starts today but the witnesses will be appearing in court tomorrow.
appearing in court
go on trial
George Arthur Lode, accused of murdering his wife, went on trial today.
went on trial
reach a verdict
The jury are expected to take several days to reach a verdict.
reach a verdict
a fair trial
It now seems impossible that Harold Graves can receive a fair trial, given the
media publicity surrounding his case.
a fair trial
be severely punished
That judge believes that all shoplifters should be severely punished.
be severely punished
pay/face a heavy fine
People who park on double yellow lines face a heavy fine.
face a heavy fine
face the death penalty
If he is found guilty of murder, he will have to face the death penalty.
act as deterrent
People often support the death penalty because they say it acts as a deterrent.
suffer the consequences
Anyone who commits a crime has to suffer the consequences.
a harsh penalty/ sentence
Some judges are more likely to give harsh sentences than others.
a hard legal battle
After a hard legal battle, she won compensation for the accident.
win a case
You will need a very good lawyer if you are going to have any hope of
winning your case
talking about criminals
The Judge, Mr Newell, said that Hickey was a hardened criminal’ who had
committed 12 serious offences. He
ordered that Hickey should serve a
sentence of at least 15 years in prison.
hardended criminials : someone who has committed a lot of crimes
committed offences
serve a sentence of
talking about criminals
The Justice Minister said that the men
were not political prisoners but were
common criminals who had committed
acts of terrorism.
political prisoners
common criminals: low class criminal, negative term
acts of terrorism
talking about criminials
The lawyer for the prosecution, Mr Arthur Larchwood, stated that Henry Banks was already a convicted criminal when he was appointed chairman of the company but that nobody knew this fact. He had a conviction for robbery dating back to 1996.
convicted criminal : someone declared officially in a court of law to be guilty of a crime
talking about criminals
The judge said it was vital that anyone
with a criminal record should not be
able to get a job where large sums of
money were placed in their care. Charles
Amworth, 26, had served two years in a
prison for young offenders ten years
ago before working for the bank.
criminal record : list kept by the police of someone’s previous crimes
young offenders
Politicians on crime
Politicians often make speeches about crime. Here are some extracts from recent ones.
“In the fight against crime we will not just target serious crime, but all crime, including street crime and vehicle crime, so that the streets will be safer for everyone.”
the fight against - target serious crime - street crime - vehicle crime
“If someone breaks into your house, steals your car, or robs you in the street, then of course you feel society has let you down. That’s why we’re determined to tackle crime.”
breaks into your house-steals your car-robs you-tackle crime
“We are doing everything in our power to combat crime. The crime rate has come down, and that is because we have put 10,000 more police officers on the streets and focused on juvenile crime’, because that is where the problem begins.”
combat crime-crime rate
juvenile crime: crime relating to young persons not yet old enough to be considered adults
“This government is doing very little to fight crime. We have all had some experience of the recent crime wave in our cities, whether it is petty crime or more serious offences.”
crime wave
petty crime: crime not considered serious when compared with some other crimes
“The crime figures are the worst since 1995. We have had a spate’ of burglaries in this part of the city, vehicle theft, drug abuse and so on, and police have reported a staggering increase in the number of acts of mindless vandalism. it is time the party in power did something.”
crime figures
spate of burglaries
spate: large number of events, especially unwanted ones, happening at about the same time
vehicle theft - drug abuse - staggering increase - mindless vandalism
collocations about newspapers
a (news) story breaks
The singer was out of the country when the story about his wife broke.
news comes in
TV newscaster: News has just come in of an earthquake.
news leaks out
Although the two stars tried to keep their relationship secret, news of it
soon leaked out.
hit the headlines
The scandal is expected to hit the headlines tomorrow.
make headlines
A dramatic story like that will make headlines world-wide.
front-page headline
The scandal was the front-page headline in all the newspapers.
the latest news
The latest news from the earthquake zone is more hopeful.
be headline/front-page news
Any story about the Royal Family will be headline/front-page news in Britain.
item of news
The main item of news today is the earthquake in Broskva City.
run a story[publish a story]
The Daily Times recently ran a story about an affair between a famous rock
star and a politician.
flick through the newspaper
He flicked through the newspaper as he didn’t have time to read it properly.
the language of news stories
MINISTER GIVES THE GO-AHEAD TO PLANS
In a surprising turn of events last night, the government agreed to plans for the development of the City. Interested parties’ will hold talks throughout the week.
turn of events
interested parties : peaple or groups who have a connection with a particular situation, event, etc
hold talks
the language of news stories
ANTI-SMOKING CAMPAIGN
The Minister for Health today
outlined plans for a national
anti-smoking campaign. The
government intends to launch the
campaign in the new year.
launch the campaign
the language of news stories
TOURIST TAKEN CAPTIVE
A tourist was taken hostage when rebel
troops seized control of St Pips Airport
last night. The government has lost
control of the area. Our reporter in St
Pips is keeping a close watch on the
situation and we shall be keeping you
informed as the news develops.
taken hostage
seized control
lost control of
keeping a close watch on
keeping you informed
news develops
the language of news stories
MINISTER QUITS
The Arts Minister has resigned after only six months in the top job. He has attracted attention over his controversial decision to re-introduce charges for museum entry.
top job
attracted attention
controversial decision
the language of news stories
PEACE TALKS END IN FAILURE
Peace talks between the Eastern
liberation Army and the government of
Karavia broke down last night. Civil war
is now likely.
broke down
the language of news stories
LIGHTNING STRIKES
A building caught fire when lightning
struck a farm in Hampshire yesterday.
Fortunately there was no loss of life
caught fire
lightning struck
no loss of life
sara wasted/squandered all her money on clothes and fast cars
waste/aquander money (on)
spend money in a bad way
squander is stronger and is only used about large sums of money
you can change some money at the airport
change money
exchange one currency for another,
dollars or euros
if jim keeps throwing his money around like that, he soon won’t have any left
throw money around
spend money in an abvious and careless way on unneccessary things
the government think they can solve the problem by throwing money at it.
throw money at
spend a lot of money, possibly more than necessary, trying to solve the problem
the business donates a lot of money each year to charity
donate money (to)
give money to help society in some way
prices
Many collocations including the word price are connected with height.
Prices can be high or low.
If they are very low, they may be called (usually by advertisers) rock-bottom prices.
Prices may increase, prices go up and prices rise. If they go up very fast we say that prices soar.
Occasionally prices go down. If you say that something is reasonably priced, you think it is neither too cheap nor too expensive.
Calling something a ridiculous price may mean it is much too cheap or much
too expensive.
getting money
Henry and his brother grew up in a family where money was always tight(there wasn’t much money)
Henry hoped that when
he was grown-up, money would be never be in short supply for him.
Henry’s brother only wanted
a steady income but Henry wasn’t interested in just earning a good salary, he wanted to make big money (informal: a lot of money), to be seriously rich.(informal: very rich)
He started making money at school when he sold the sandwiches his
mother had made him to other children. He also worked in his school holidays to earn money.
He put this money in a bank account and hardly ever made a withdrawal (took money out of the bank) from it.
When he left school,
he raised enough money through the bank to buy his first shop. He got a really good deal (informal: got a bargain) because he found a shop that was going cheap (informal: selling for a low price) By the time he was twenty he had already made a small fortune (made a large amount of money) though, of course, most of his money was tied up (not available for spending because
it was needed for his business) in his business.
war
When war broke out (suddenly started) my grandfather joined the army .
War was declared on his 25th
birthday. He didn’t want to go to war but he had no choice. The government were sending troops to the south, where they expected fierce fighting . At first there were just minor incidents but soon it developed into all-out war(a complete/total war). My grandfather has told me how terrified he was the first time he came within firing range (the distance within which the enemy could hit him by firing their guns) of the enemy. They saw him and opened fire (started shooting)but he was able to escape. A couple of his friends, though, were killed or taken prisoner. After several months, our army went into action in the first decisive battle of the war. The battle raged (the battle was very violent) for several days.
My grandfather said he hated
being involved in fighting the war and that the only armies we should have should be peacekeeping forces. He can never forget the horrors of war, and he believes that we must do everything we can to avert (prevent something bad from happenin) war in the future. I agree.
peace
bring about peace
It will be no easy task to bring about peace in the area.
negotiate a peace agreement
It can be useful to invite a neutral country to help negotiate a peace agreement.
call a truce/ceasefire
Although a ceasefire has been called for the duration of the peace
negotiations, hopes of its success are not high.
sign a (peace) treaty
At the end of the war, all the countries involved signed a peace treaty in Paris.
lasting peace
Hopes for a lasting peace are, unfortunately, fading fast.
peace activist
Peace activists around the world staged a series of massive demonstrations
against the war.
keep the peace
After the war was over, UN troops were sent into the troubled area to help
keep the peace there.
restore order
Soldiers were sent in to restore order after the uprising.
war expressions in every language
The police fought a running battle with football hooligans in the town centre.
The people of the village put up a heroic fight against the construction of the new motorway, but
finally lost the battle.
The bank robbers didn’t offer any resistance when the police surrounded them.
The President is fighting for his life tonight in the City hospital after a major operation.
the environment
Your article on climate change was
excellent. Rising sea levels and the increase in greenhouse gases are the result of our actions.
We are disturbing the ecological
balance everywhere, as can be seen in the decrease in fish stocks(the number of fish) in the oceans.
the environment
It is clear that we must tackle pollution
before it is too late. Exhaust fumes
from millions of vehicles and the burning of fossil fuels are causing irreparable(which can not be repaired,also irreversible) damage to
our environment.
the environment
We must accept that we have seriously depleted(reduced sth in size or amount, especially supplies of energy, money,etc)
the ozone layer in the last few decades by our selfish actions. Embracing
green politics may be our best hope in the long term, but we need
urgent short-term measures too.
the environment
Crops fail year after year in some of the
poorest parts of the world. This has brought devastating(causing a lot of damage or destruction) famines to some regions and equally devastating floods to others. We call these natural disasters, but it is human beings who are causing them.
poverty
Interviewer:
Mr Delrio, do you believe we can solve the problem of world poverty?
Delrio: I am more optimistic now than before. Millions of people have succeeded in escaping poverty in the last decade, but it is also true that in some regions, more people than ever are living below the poverty line, and we must help these people to
lift them out of poverty.
Interviewer: But how can we achieve that?
Delrio: I accept that there is no
simple solution. The widening gulf(an important difference between the ideas, opinions, or situations of two groups of peaple) between rich and poor in
some countries is often due to external forces beyond their control. Some of the most deprived regions have large populations living on the
margins of society, and it is for
these specific groups that we can do most.
Interviewer: But poverty is not just an issue for developing countries, is it? We have thousands sleeping rough(in the open, without shelter) every night in cities like London and New York, and street children in a lot of big cities around the world.
Delrio: I agree, and I accept that children and adults who live on the streets are in
desperate need, and that these social conditions breed crime. But so much depends on the global economy. Right now, we have a golden opportunity to combat poverty.
Perhaps we cannot eradicate(get rid of completely) poverty altogether, but we can certainly alleviate(make less serious)
poverty, and that is our challenge.
Other global problems
Thousands of people seek
political asylum(refugee) in other countries every year. Most are
genuine asylum seekers, but some are economic migrants looking for a better life.
Hundreds of people took to the streets to demonstrate about third-world debt repayments.
A terrible earthquake hit the region last year. The death toll(number of deaths) was massive.
The sexual exploitation of children is a world-wide problem, as is child labour.
time
bang/dead/right on time
the first two are very informal
the train left bang/dead/right on time
time
take your time
No need to hurry- you can take your time
time
kill time
we got the airport very early, so we had a meal in the restaurant to kill (some) time.
to fill in the time while you are waiting to do sth you have planned
time
make time for
the dr’s very busy but he’ll try to make time for you
Here are some other useful expressions relating to time.
We had a good/great time at the party. [NOT spent a great time]
Lena had the time of her life in Brazil.
Your attitude to work may change a bit as time goes by / as time passes.
I couldn’t finish the exam because I ran out of time.
You’ll be sorry big time for speaking to me like that! [informal: extremely]
Past and future
The past few weeks have been really difficult for Tina’s two grown-up children. They’re both at university writing dissertations. Her son’s is on early 21st century fiction while her daughter’s is
about life in prehistoric times - she’s not interested in the recent past at all. They are both working very hard.
They are nearly finished but there are lots of last-minute things left to do. They set their alarms for five o’clock and get up as soon as the alarm goes off.
They work from dawn till dusk(all day)
and indeed sometimes they stay up until the small hours(2,3,4 am).
Tina can’t wait until they stop working
such ungodly hours(unreasonably late or early hours).
It’s taking them ages to complete their work but Tina is sure it will eventually
all be worth their while(worth the time spent). She is sure they both have a
great future ahead of them. She thinks they will both get good academic jobs
in the not too distant future. Of course, no one can know what the future holds, but I hope she is right.
little,small,and large
We talk about low prices, low wages, low levels. (NOT smatt)
We say small quantities, small numbers, small amounts, a small increase. (NOT little)
The opposite is large quantities, large numbers, large amounts, a large increase.
Similarly, we talk about problems or objects being on a large scale or on a small scale:
If you are walking in the mountains you need a large scale map.
The UK has similar problems to the USA, but on a smaller scale.
In informal spoken English we often use little after another adjective to make it sound more
friendly, e.g. poor little Joe, dear little dog, nice little room.
Little can also mean young, e.g. little brother (informal: younger brother, NOT smatt brother;
the opposite is big brother]. Sometimes little or small suggests that something is not very
important, e.g. a little problem, I’ve got a lot of little things to do, to make someone look
small, to make small talk (talk socially, about unimportant subjects].