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silk road > College 3 > Flashcards

College 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Wat weet je over Milindapanha?

A

discussion between Buddhist monk and Greek ruler Menander (ruling 165/155-130 bce)
encounter of the classical world with Asia

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2
Q

Wie waren de belangrijkste reizigers op de Silk Road?

A
  • Gan Yin, Chinese who came to Rome (Da Qin; Li Jien) in 97 ce
  • Human trafficking: Sogdian letters
  • Buddhist monks
  • Marco Polo
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3
Q

Wat weet je van de Sogdian letters?

A

The Ancient Letters were discovered by Sir Aurel Stein in 1907 at a watch-tower to the west of Dunhuang, part of the “Jade Gate” complex that once guarded the western frontier of China. The letters appear to be the contents of a mailbag lost or confiscated in transit.
These documents provide a unique glimpse into the lives and preoccupations of the foreign merchants in China.
largely concerned with commercial matters

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4
Q

Wat weet je van Chinese monks to India?

A 
• FAXIAN
• XUANZANG
• YIJING (many others)
• 1st millennium ce
• Original inspiration
• Texts: vinaya (rules for the
monks)
• Relics
• Images of the Buddha
• Diplomatic contacts
• Trade
• Espionage
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5
Q

Wat weet je van Journey to the West?

A

De roman bevat een fictieve vertelling van de legende over de boeddhistische monnik Xuánzàng’s, die tijdens de Tang-dynastie een pelgrimstocht naar India zou hebben gemaakt om religieuze boeddhistische teksten genaamd soetra’s te bemachtigen.

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6
Q

Wat weet je van Yijing?

A

• 671-695 in India. Two works:
• on Buddhist doctrines:
The Record of Buddhism As Practiced in India Sent Home From the Southern sea
• Biographies of 56 monks who travelled to India:
Memoirs of Eminent Monks who visited India and
neighbouring Regions in Search on the Law during the Great Tang Dynasty
• Practices in India: cleansing after meals, regulations for ordination. Eating with right hand, use of spoon in case of illness.
• Routes chosen by monks: over land or by sea. Some stayed in India, some returned to China. Yijing writes on monk Xuan Zhao who returned to China, but was sent back by emperor GAOZONG to get medicines for longevity

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7
Q

Wat weet je van Wonhyo?

A

(Korean monk 617-686)
Was op pelgrimstocht, ging slapen in een grot en dronk water uit een kom. De volgende ochtend bleek het een graftombe te zijn en een schedel met water. Zag in dat je iets op een andere manier kan zien en werd verlicht.

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8
Q

Wat weet je van Marco Polo?

A

(journeys 1271-1298)

Asia Minor, Persia, Central Asia, China?, Indonesia, India

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9
Q

Wat weet je van European trade?

A
  • Venice, flourished due to crusades
  • Genua (rival)
  • Polo brothers in Venice, Constantinople and Sudak
  • Trade with Turks and Mongolians
  • Furs, fish, spices, wheat, silk, slaves
  • Venetians constructed ships
  • Moneylenders
  • Transporters
  • Privileged position of Venice ended through the Greeks and Genua in 1261
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10
Q

Wat weet je van de Polo brothers: Maffeo and Nicolo?

A

New market: Turks and Mongolians

• Berke Khan (Muslim)

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11
Q

Wat weet je van Genghis Khan?

A

(1162-1227, ruling 1206-1227)
Originated from a grey wolf and a brown deer
Veel nageslacht
Mausoleum Genghis Khan (Mongolian shamanism)

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12
Q

Wat weet je van Mongolian shamanism?

A

Beinvloed door en gemengd met Boeddhisme

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13
Q

Wat weet je van Kharkhorum?

A

Stad op strategische plek
Veel Boeddhistische tempels
Zilveren boom

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14
Q

Wat weet je van Ögödei?

A

(1189-1241?)

  • Mongolians had been as far as Hungary and Neustadt
  • Never came back to Europe after death of second Khan, Ögödei
  • All Mongolian nobles had to come back to the plains for the coronation of a new Khan
  • Not enough grassland for the horses?
  • Did bring the plague…..
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15
Q

Wat weet je van de pest?

A

Flea of Mongolian marmot

Feels at home on European rat

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16
Q

Wat weet je nog meer van de Polo brothers?

A
  • New market: Mongolia: Berke Khan (Muslim)
  • Problems with Hülegü, brother of Berke Khan
  • Polo’s ended up in Shangdu (near Beijing) with Kubilai
17
Q

Wat weet je van Kubilai Khan 1215-1294?

A
  • New capital Dadu, became Beijing
  • Yuan dynasty (1279-1368)
  • Fond of foreigners (Persians, Nepalese, Muslims, Buddhists, Christians)
  • Arniko (1245-1306) Newari artist from Kathmandu, Nepal
  • His mother and wife were Christians, or Christian influenced
18
Q

Wat weet je nog meer van Kubilai Khan 1215-1294?

A
  • Impressed by the Polos
  • Wanted from the west: 100 persons of Christian faith
  • Men skilled in the ‘Seven Arts’
  • Oil from a lamp burning over the sepulchre of Jesus in Jerusalem
  • Polo’s back to Venice
  • Marco Polo born in the meantime (die heeft hem later bezocht)
19
Q

Meanwhile in Mongolia?

A
  • Demand came for Mongolian assistance to free the Holy Land
  • Mongolians demanded western rulers to become vassal
  • Mongolian claim to have defeated and executed priest John
  • William of Rubruck to Mongke Khan in Kharkhorum
  • Many, many false letters…
  • 1271 Polo’s set out to Mongolia with Marco, 1275 arrival with Kubilai
  • Return to Venice in 1295 as escorts for the new wife of the Ilkhan of Persia, Arghun who wanted a wife from the tribe of Kubilai
20
Q

Wat was er met Mongolië en Japan?

A

Mongolians invaded Japan 1274 and 1281

kamikaze. First messages about Japan in the west

21
Q

Wat weet je van Paiza?

A

The Mongols invented the world’s first diplomatic passport known as “Paiza/Paizi” under Genghis Khan during the 12-13th century which was carried by nobles and officials to demand goods and services from civilian populations

22
Q

The story of Christians in East-Asia?

A

The quest for Priest John….

23
Q

Wat weet je van Il Milione?

A

written in the prison of Genua by Rustichello de Pisa in 1298/99 after Marco’s stories

24
Q

Marco Polo’s writing: many questions remain

A 
• Writing
- Gold, silver, silk
- Golden clothing
- Many countries, Japan
- City life of Kubilai
- Parties, women
- Paper money, mulberry leaves
• Not writing
- Chinese wall
- Tea
- Chinese script
- Bookprinting
- Accupunture
- Binding of feet of girls
- gunpowder

silk road (10 decks)

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