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Russian History > Collectivisation > Flashcards

Collectivisation Flashcards

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1
Q

Effect of Stalin’s Great Turn on agriculture

A

Moved it to collective farming

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2
Q

Types of grain requisitioning that hadn’t worked

A

Ural-Siberain method and voluntary collectivisation

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3
Q

Percentage of collective farms in 1929

A

5%

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4
Q

Class which Stalin blamed for the grain requisitioning problems

A

Kulaks

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5
Q

Stalin’s quote about getting rid of the Kulaks

A

‘Annihilate the Kulaks as a class’

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6
Q

Date when Stalin did his war against Kulaks speech

A

1929

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7
Q

Date when voluntary collectivisation reintroduced

A

1930

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8
Q

Date when MTS launched

A

1930

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9
Q

Date of the start of the famine in Ukraine

A

1932

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10
Q

Date of the mass famine in Ukraine, Kazakhstan and North Casucasus

A

1933

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11
Q

People who drove peasants into collectives

A

Local party members

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12
Q

Groups used to identify kulaks

A

The Red Army and OGPU

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13
Q

Percentage estimated to be kulaks

A

4% of peasant households

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14
Q

Percentage of peasant households that were destroyed

A

15%

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15
Q

Number of peasants forced to migrate north and east to poorer land

A

150,000

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16
Q

Methods used by peasants to try to not be labelled as Kulaks

A

Killed their livestock and destroyed crops

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17
Q

Stalin’s goal for collectivisation in 1930

A

25% of grain farming areas

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18
Q

Percentage of peasants households collectivised by March 1930

A

58%

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19
Q

Stalin quote for party worker’s collectivisation methods

A

‘Dizzy with success’

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20
Q

Reason for turning back to voluntary collectivisation in 1930

A

Methods used had been too rigorous and confrontational

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21
Q

Percentage of collectives by October 1930 because of voluntary collectivisation

A

20%

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22
Q

% of collectivised households in 1931

A

50%

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23
Q

% of collectivised households in 1934

A

70%

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24
Q

% of collectives households in 1935

A

75%

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25
Q

% of collectivised households in 1937

A

90%

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26
Q

% of collectivised households in 1941

A

100%

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27
Q

Number of party activists sent to the countryside in November 1929

A

25,000

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28
Q

Reason behind sending party activist to help with collectivisation

A

Identified kulaks and searched of hidden grain rather than helped provide technical help

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29
Q

Motives of the poorer peasants to help with dekulakisation

A

They were rewarded with being able to use the richer peasants’ land, livestock and equipment and share with the collective harvests

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30
Q

Kolkhoz

A

A combination of individual farms into a collective structure

31
Q

Number of families in a Kolkhoz

A

75

32
Q

Layout of Kolkhoz farms

A

A single village whereby peasants lived in the same houses as before and had they own plot of land as well as communal fields

33
Q

People who controlled the Kolkhoz

A

A Communist Party member who acted as the chairman of the collective

34
Q

Quotas set on Kolkhoz farms

A

Set high up to 40% of crops, and the farm was not paid if they failed to meet the quotas

35
Q

Profit sharing in the Kolkhoz

A

Shared out according to the number of labour days done

36
Q

Price for the quotas in collective farms

A

Was set low so that the state could make big profits, and could feed industrial workers cheaply

37
Q

Sovkhoz

A

State run farms

38
Q

Difference in size between kolkhoz and sovkhoz

A

Sovkhoz much larger

39
Q

Function of the sovkhoz

A

Large scale production

40
Q

Opposition which forced Stalin to permit most farms to be kolkhoz

A

Peasants opposed becoming wage labourers

41
Q

Long term vision of kolkhoz

A

Would be turned into sovkhoz

42
Q

Classification of Sovkhoz members

A

Labelled workers rather than peasants

43
Q

Machine Tractor Stations

A

Set up in 1931 to provide seed and hire out tractors/machinery to kolkhoz and sovkhoz farms

44
Q

Benefit to industry by increasing machinery in agriculture

A

It decreased the demand for peasants so they could move to industrial cities

45
Q

Number of MTS set up

A

2,500

46
Q

Which farms received the better machinery

A

Sovkhoz, as they were state farms

47
Q

Experts sent to the countryside to goes advice

A

Veterinary surgeons, surveyors and technicians

48
Q

% of ploughing carried out by machine in 1938

A

72%

49
Q

Types of manual work still carried out in 1938

A

Grain still had to be bound by hand, and weeding was still common

50
Q

Number of lorries in Soviet agriculture compared to the US in 1938

A

196,000 lorries in Soviet Union compared to a million in the US

51
Q

MTS benefit to the Party

A

Acted as a party prop in rural areas, with officials ensuring that quotas were being met and the correct propaganda messages were ebbing conveyed

52
Q

Areas which were particularly hostile to collectivisation

A

Fertile areas like Ukraine

53
Q

Methods by the armed forces to deal with the unrest

A

Burnt down whole villages

54
Q

Places where peasants who resisted were deported

A

Siberia, where labour camps were located

55
Q

Issue with dekulakisation

A

Removed the most skilful and successful farmers from the countryside

56
Q

Number of peasants who died as a result of resistance

A

10 million

57
Q

Number of peasants who had migrated to towns by 1939

A

19 million (every 1 out of 3 peasants)

58
Q

What did the peasants regard collective farms as

A

‘A new serfdom’

59
Q

Law of August 1932

A

Anyone who was caught stealing from a collective could be jailed for 10 years

60
Q

Internal passports

A

Introduced to stop peasants leaving the collectives

61
Q

Issue with profits in collective farms

A

Quotas were set so high that profits weren’t made, so there was less incentive for hard work

62
Q

Date when peasants could sell their produce in the market place

A

1935

63
Q

Percentage of meat produced by peasants privately selling it on the market

A

70%

64
Q

Period of the famine

A

1932-34

65
Q

Reasons why the famine was caused

A

Drought hit in October, and kulak deportations

66
Q

Reason why the government can be blamed for the deaths during the famine

A

The state continued to demand its requisitions despite the drop in grain production

67
Q

Economic success of collectivisation

A

Industrial workforce was fed and grew, and exports of grain increased

68
Q

Economic failures of collectivisation

A

During the period of peasant opposition, agricultural production fell dramatically

69
Q

Political success of collectivisation

A

First time the Soviet regime had extended their control over the countryside with the introduction of party officials

70
Q

How did the political success of collectivisation improve Stalin’s position in the party

A

The right which opposed collectivisation (Bukharin and Rykov) lost power

71
Q

Social success of collectivisation

A

Class differences in the countryside were destroyed and any signs of capitalism had been abolished

72
Q

Death toll of the famine

A

6-8 million

73
Q

% of harvesting carried out by machine in 1938

A

48%

Russian History (8 decks)

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