Collective Action Flashcards
According to Siegel (2009), how do tightly clustered networks affect collective action?
A) They weaken participation by isolating members
B) They amplify participation through peer reinforcement
C) They inhibit mobilization by limiting communication
D) They reduce the need for collective action
B) They amplify participation through peer reinforcement
What is the key mechanism in Siegel’s threshold model of participation?
A) Individual thresholds for participation based on risk and incentives
B) The cost of collective action
C) Government suppression of movements
D) The availability of physical resources
A) Individual thresholds for participation based on risk and incentives
Which type of actor is most likely to catalyze collective action, according to Siegel (2009)?
A) Peripheral actors with few connections
B) Actors who avoid taking public positions
C) Isolated individuals outside the network
D) Central actors with extensive network influence
D) Central actors with extensive network influence
Siegel (2009) suggests that policymakers and activists can better strategize mobilization efforts by:
A) Increasing the risks of participation
B) Focusing exclusively on peripheral actors
C) Targeting central players and key clusters within networks
D) Avoiding tightly clustered networks
C) Targeting central players and key clusters within networks
What is one key implication of Siegel’s analysis for understanding collective action?
A) Collective action depends primarily on economic incentives
B) Network structures significantly shape mobilization dynamics
C) Social networks are irrelevant to political participation
D) Tightly clustered networks always hinder mobilization
B) Network structures significantly shape mobilization dynamics
What structural role do online media platforms play in mobilizing collective action, according to Chen et al (2021)?
A) They centralize all organizational activities
B) They connect dispersed individuals, reducing logistical barriers
C) They create rigid hierarchies for movement leaders
D) They focus on offline coordination only
B) They connect dispersed individuals, reducing logistical barriers
How do online platforms facilitate communication and information sharing during collective action?
A) By providing real-time updates and enabling public discourse
B) By limiting information dissemination to key organizers
C) By restricting communication to closed groups
D) By avoiding controversial issues
A) By providing real-time updates and enabling public discourse
According to Chen et al. (2021), how do algorithms on online media platforms influence collective action?
A) They prevent clustering of like-minded individuals
B) They reinforce echo chambers, enhancing solidarity
C) They suppress content related to mobilization
D) They weaken motivation by spreading diverse views
B) They reinforce echo chambers, enhancing solidarity
What risk is associated with the use of online media for mobilization, as noted by Chen et al. (2021)?
A) High costs of participation
B) Inability to scale up movements
C) Over-reliance on offline networks
D) Misinformation and surveillance
D) Misinformation and surveillance
Emotional and moral appeals in online media content contribute to mobilization by:
A) Encouraging apathy among potential participants
B) Strengthening individuals’ motivation through shared grievances
C) Reducing individuals’ emotional attachment to the cause
D) Limiting the spread of viral content
B) Strengthening individuals’ motivation through shared grievances
What is the primary benefit of tightly-knit refugee networks, according to Masterson (2024)?
A) Greater access to external resources
B) Increased integration into host communities
C) Strong bonding ties that facilitate mutual aid
D) Elimination of economic barriers
C) Strong bonding ties that facilitate mutual aid
What are bonding ties in the context of refugee networks?
A) Connections with NGOs and host communities
B) Weak, informal connections among refugees
C) Relationships with governmental institutions
D) Strong internal ties within the refugee community
D) Strong internal ties within the refugee community
What is the role of bridging ties in refugee networks?
A) They reinforce internal community support
B) They connect refugees to external resources and institutions
C) They discourage integration with host communities
D) They limit cooperation among refugee groups
B) They connect refugees to external resources and institutions
According to Masterson (2024), what challenges hinder the formation of bridging ties?
A) Economic isolation and language barriers
B) Excessive reliance on host communities
C) Lack of internal community support
D) Overrepresentation in policymaking processes
A) Economic isolation and language barriers
Masterson (2024) suggests that policy interventions should focus on:
A) Strengthening bonding ties exclusively
B) Facilitating connections between refugees and host communities
C) Restricting refugees’ access to formal networks
D) Discouraging cooperation within refugee groups
B) Facilitating connections between refugees and host communities
What is a key characteristic of a small-world network?
A) Nodes are all directly connected to each other
B) No connections between different groups
C) Exclusively long-range connections with no local clusters
D) High local clustering and short average path lengths
D) High local clustering and short average path lengths
In small-world networks, what does “high clustering” refer to?
A) The presence of long-range connections
B) Many nodes within a group are interconnected
C) Nodes are evenly distributed without forming clusters
D) All nodes are connected to every other node in the network
B) Many nodes within a group are interconnected
What phenomenon is often associated with small-world networks?
A) Six degrees of separation
B) Isolation of nodes
C) Information bottlenecks
D) Random dispersion of connections
A) Six degrees of separation
How do “long-range connections” affect small-world networks?
A) They increase the average path length between nodes
B) They decrease the average path length, connecting distant clusters
C) They isolate nodes within tightly knit groups
D) They reduce the efficiency of information spread
B) They decrease the average path length, connecting distant clusters
Which of the following is an example of a small-world network?
A) A chain of individuals where each person is connected to only two others
B) A highly centralized network with one dominant node
C) The World Wide Web, with dense local links and occasional cross-links
D) A completely random network with no clustering
C) The World Wide Web, with dense local links and occasional cross-links
Why are small-world networks considered efficient for information spread?
A) They have long path lengths and no local clusters
B) Their balance of local clustering and long-range links facilitates communication
C) They isolate clusters to prevent misinformation
D) They rely on a central node to disseminate information
B) Their balance of local clustering and long-range links facilitates communication
Which domain is NOT commonly associated with small-world networks?
A) Social networks
B) Biological networks
C) Technological networks
D) Geometrically rigid systems
D) Geometrically rigid systems
In a circle network, each node is connected to:
A) Every other node in the network
B) Only two other nodes in a closed loop
C) A central hub node
D) Randomly selected nodes
B) Only two other nodes in a closed loop
What is a major limitation of a circle network?
A) It lacks local clustering
B) It cannot form long-range connections
C) It is highly vulnerable to disruption by the removal of a single link
D) It has an unequal distribution of connections
C) It is highly vulnerable to disruption by the removal of a single link
Compared to small-world networks, circle networks:
A) Have longer path lengths between nodes, slowing information diffusion
B) Spread information more efficiently due to their simple structure
C) Contain highly clustered groups and long-range connections
D) Are more robust to link disruptions
A) Have longer path lengths between nodes, slowing information diffusion
What structural feature of circle networks implies equality among nodes?
A) Nodes have exactly two connections, creating a uniform structure
B) Centralized hubs connect all nodes
C) Nodes have random degrees of connection
D) Each node forms a highly connected cluster
A) Nodes have exactly two connections, creating a uniform structure
Which statement about circle networks is FALSE?
A) Removing one link can split the network into two disconnected parts
B) They are highly robust and resilient to disruptions
C) Path lengths increase as the network size grows
D) All nodes are structurally equivalent in connections
B) They are highly robust and resilient to disruptions
Why is information spread slower in a circle network?
A) Random disruption of communication pathways
B) Excessive clustering of nodes
C) Dependence on a single central node
D) Lack of shortcuts or long-range connections
D) Lack of shortcuts or long-range connections
Which scenario is best modeled by a circle network?
A) A team sitting in a roundtable discussion
B) A social media platform with millions of users
C) A biological neural network in the brain
D) A hierarchical corporate organization
A) A team sitting in a roundtable discussion
What is a defining characteristic of a random network?
A) Nodes are connected based on geographic proximity
B) Connections between nodes are established randomly
C) All nodes are connected to a central hub
D) Nodes are clustered into tight-knit groups
B) Connections between nodes are established randomly
In random networks, what determines the probability of a connection between two nodes?
A) The distance between nodes
B) The degree of clustering
C) A fixed probability 𝑝
D) The size of the network
C) A fixed probability 𝑝
The degree distribution in a random network typically follows which type of mathematical distribution?
A) Exponential
B) Normal
C) Power-law
D) Poisson or binomial
D) Poisson or binomial
How does clustering in random networks compare to other network types?
A) It is very high
B) It is typically low
C) It is hierarchical
D) It varies randomly
B) It is typically low
What is the average path length in random networks?
A) Short, but lacking hierarchical structure
B) Extremely long
C) Variable depending on clustering
D) Infinite
A) Short, but lacking hierarchical structure
Why are random networks useful in network theory?
A) They perfectly represent real-world social systems
B) They serve as a baseline for comparing structured networks
C) They have the highest clustering of all network types
D) They rely on hierarchical structures to function
B) They serve as a baseline for comparing structured networks
What is a major limitation of random networks?
A) They do not exhibit patterns like clustering or hubs seen in real-world networks
B) They cannot simulate information spread
C) Their degree distribution is unpredictable
D) They have excessively long average path lengths
A) They do not exhibit patterns like clustering or hubs seen in real-world networks
Which of the following is NOT typically studied using random network models?
A) Epidemic spread
B) Rumor diffusion
C) Hierarchical decision-making processes
D) Percolation theory
C) Hierarchical decision-making processes
What is a characteristic feature of village networks?
A) High clustering and dense connectivity
B) Random distribution of ties
C) Centralized hubs and long-range connections
D) Minimal reliance on traditions or kinship
A) High clustering and dense connectivity
In village networks, what are “bonding ties”?
A) Weak connections to external networks
B) Strong, trust-based relationships within the community
C) Temporary connections used for specific tasks
D) Connections based solely on economic transactions
B) Strong, trust-based relationships within the community
Why do village networks typically have limited bridging ties?
A) A preference for hierarchical structures
B) A lack of trust in neighboring communities
C) A focus on strong internal bonds and local interactions
D) High reliance on external resources
C) A focus on strong internal bonds and local interactions
What role do traditions and kinship play in village networks?
A) They shape relationships and informal governance structures
B) They have minimal influence on network structure
C) They hinder the creation of bonding ties
D) They encourage rapid adoption of external innovations
A) They shape relationships and informal governance structures
Which of the following is a limitation of village networks?
A) High resistance to outside influence
B) Lack of internal cohesion
C) Minimal clustering of connections
D) Excessive reliance on external institutions
A) High resistance to outside influence
What is a common study focus in village networks?
A) The creation of large-scale technological hubs
B) The absence of social roles and ties
C) The design of random network models
D) The distribution of resources and information within the community
D) The distribution of resources and information within the community
How does the lack of bridging ties in village networks impact development?
A) It accelerates the spread of innovation
B) It isolates the community from external resources and ideas
C) It encourages over-reliance on technological solutions
D) It creates highly fragmented community clusters
B) It isolates the community from external resources and ideas
Which of the following scenarios is best modeled by village networks?
A) A global transportation network
B) A multinational corporation with hierarchical structures
C) A small rural community with interconnected relationships
D) A randomized set of connections between individuals
C) A small rural community with interconnected relationships
Why are village networks often resistant to change?
A) Their reliance on bridging ties inhibits flexibility
B) Strong traditions and norms can hinder the adoption of new practices
C) They lack cohesive internal ties
D) Their structure is entirely determined by random processes
B) Strong traditions and norms can hinder the adoption of new practices
What is the primary characteristic of an opinion leader in a social network?
A. Centralized position with high influence
B. High clustering
C. Low connectivity
D. Isolation from the network
A. Centralized position with high influence
Which of the following roles do opinion leaders often play in their networks?
A. Isolating themselves from information flow
B. Acting as gatekeepers and intermediaries
C. Reducing trust among followers
D. Promoting low connectivity between nodes
B. Acting as gatekeepers and intermediaries
What type of ties are typically weaker in opinion leader networks?
A. Bonding ties
B. Bridging ties
C. Peripheral ties
D. Random ties
A. Bonding ties
Opinion leaders are most likely to influence which of the following?
A. Nodes that are isolated from the network
B. Networks with no centralized figures
C. Individuals in completely different communities
D. Followers through trust, authority, and credibility
D. Followers through trust, authority, and credibility
Which network structure is typical of an opinion leader network?
A. High clustering with decentralized influence
B. Randomly distributed nodes with equal influence
C. Low clustering with centralized influence
D. Fully interconnected nodes without opinion leaders
C. Low clustering with centralized influence
What is one major limitation of opinion leader networks?
A. They lack any form of centrality.
B. They are entirely resistant to change.
C. Their influence is dependent on the leader’s credibility.
D. They cannot spread innovations effectively.
C. Their influence is dependent on the leader’s credibility.
What is a potential risk of opinion leader networks in terms of information dissemination?
A. They promote excessive diversity of opinions.
B. They reduce the speed of information flow.
C. They eliminate weak ties.
D. They lead to echo chambers and polarization.
D. They lead to echo chambers and polarization.
Which of the following is NOT a real-world example of an opinion leader network?
A. Social media influencers
B. Peer-to-peer distributed systems
C. Community religious leaders
D. Industry experts
B. Peer-to-peer distributed systems
Granovetter’s cascade theory focuses on the spread of behaviors based on what factor?
A. Individual thresholds
B. Network clustering
C. High centrality of nodes
D. Random connections
A. Individual thresholds
What does an individual threshold represent in Granovetter’s theory?
A. The average connectivity of a node
B. The overall influence of opinion leaders in a network
C. The total number of network clusters
D. The minimum proportion of their peers adopting a behavior required to join
D. The minimum proportion of their peers adopting a behavior required to join
What triggers a cascade in Granovetter’s model?
A. A leader influencing everyone simultaneously
B. Random connections forming between network nodes
C. A small number of people adopting a behavior, influencing others in succession
D. High clustering within a network
C. A small number of people adopting a behavior, influencing others in succession
What role do “weak ties” play in cascade diffusion, according to Granovetter?
A. They hinder the spread of innovation.
B. They prevent behaviors from crossing clusters.
C. They help spread behaviors across disconnected parts of a network.
D. They create echo chambers within networks.
C. They help spread behaviors across disconnected parts of a network.
In which type of network structure are cascades more likely to spread quickly?
A. Networks with low connectivity
B. Networks with high clustering and strong ties
C. Networks with high degrees of connectivity and weak ties
D. Networks that are completely random
C. Networks with high degrees of connectivity and weak ties
What can prevent a cascade from spreading widely in a network?
A. Highly connected nodes
B. Low clustering of the network
C. Individuals with high thresholds
D. Weak ties between nodes
C. Individuals with high thresholds
Granovetter’s cascade theory is particularly relevant for which of the following phenomena?
A. Static hierarchical systems
B. Diffusion of innovation and social change
C. Formation of opinion leader networks
D. Isolation within dense clusters
B. Diffusion of innovation and social change
Which example best illustrates Granovetter’s cascade diffusion process?
A. A small group of early adopters inspiring successive groups to join a new trend.
B. A celebrity influencing everyone to adopt a behavior instantly
C. A behavior spreading randomly throughout an unconnected network.
D. A behavior failing to spread due to lack of connectivity.
A. A small group of early adopters inspiring successive groups to join a new trend.
Which application does NOT align with Granovetter’s cascade diffusion theory?
A. Public health campaigns promoting vaccination
B. Marketing strategies targeting early adopters
C. Isolated individual decision-making without social influence
D. Social movements gaining momentum
C. Isolated individual decision-making without social influence
What aspect of social structure is emphasized in Granovetter’s theory?
A. Weak ties and their role in connecting disparate clusters
B. Strong ties as the sole drivers of diffusion
C. The central role of opinion leaders
D. Completely random interactions between nodes
A. Weak ties and their role in connecting disparate clusters
1What does the k-core measure focus on in a network?
A. Identifying nodes with the highest number of direct connections.
B. Identifying subgraphs where all nodes are connected to at least k other nodes within the subgraph.
C. Measuring the influence of nodes based on their connections to influential others.
D. Measuring the shortest paths between nodes in the network.
B. Identifying subgraphs where all nodes are connected to at least k other nodes within the subgraph.
Explanation: The k-core measure identifies subgraphs where all nodes meet the condition of having at least k connections to other nodes within the same subgraph.
How does k-core differ from degree centrality?
A. K-core focuses on cohesive groups, while degree centrality measures the number of direct connections a node has.
B. K-core identifies the shortest paths, while degree centrality focuses on structural cores.
C. K-core measures individual influence, while degree centrality measures closeness.
D. K-core and degree centrality are identical metrics.
A. K-core focuses on cohesive groups, while degree centrality measures the number of direct connections a node has.
Explanation: K-core identifies nodes in cohesive subgroups, whereas degree centrality only counts the number of direct connections for a node, without regard to group cohesion.
Why are k-core measures particularly useful in analyzing terrorist networks?
A. They pinpoint the most influential individuals in the network.
B. They highlight nodes that act as bridges between subgroups.
C. They identify tightly connected groups essential to the network’s structure and stability.
D. They measure how quickly a node can reach all other nodes in the network.
C. They identify tightly connected groups essential to the network’s structure and stability.
Explanation: In terrorist networks, k-core measures help identify tightly connected cells or groups that are central to the network’s overall stability and function.
