Collecting Data 1.9/1.14

Question 1

Direct Observation

Answer 1

Recording the behavioural patterns of people, objects and events systematically as you observe them.

Question 2

Data Collection Sheet

Answer 2

A table or tally chart for recording your results

Question 3

If replicating the experiment gives very similar results then what is the data?

Answer 3

Valid and Reliable

Question 4

Simulation

Answer 4

Used to model real life events, to help prediction of what could actually happen.

Question 5

Explanatory Variable

Answer 5

Changed in order to test the effect on the dependant variable.
(AKA Independant Variable)

Question 6

Response Variable

Answer 6

Variable being measured during an experiment.

AKA Dependant Variable

Question 7

Extraneous Variable

Answer 7

Stays the same in order to improve fairness and validity of an experiment.
(AKA Control Variable)

Question 8

Does a Laboratory Experiment need to be completed in a Laboratory?

Answer 8

No.

Question 9

Advantages of a Laboratory Experiment?

Answer 9

• Easy to replicate (repeat) because you can copy the experiment exactly
• Complete control over the extraneous variables.

Question 10

Disadvantages of a Laboratory Experiment?

Answer 10

• Test subjects may behave differently if they know they are under ‘test conditions’ compared to how they would in real life.

Question 11

Field Experiment

Answer 11

Experiments carried out in test subjects’ everyday environment. Researcher sets up the situation and controls one or more variables.

Question 12

Disadvantages of a Field Experiment?

Answer 12

• Can’t control all extraneous variables that can effect the experiment.

Question 13

Advantages of a Field Experiment?

Answer 13

• More likely to replicate real life behaviours.

Question 14

Field Experiments

Answer 14

Experiments carried out in test subjects’ everyday environment. Researcher sets up the situation and controls one or more variables.

Question 15

Natural Experiments

Answer 15

Experiments carried out in test subjects’ everyday environment in which the researcher has zero control in any variables.

Question 16

Advantages of a Natural Experiment?

Answer 16

• Likely to reflect real life behaviours.

Question 17

Disadvantages of a Natural Experiment?

Answer 17

• Can’t replicate exactly as variables aren’t controlled

Question 18

Questionnaire

Answer 18

A set of questions designed to obtain data.

Question 19

Respondant

Answer 19

The person competing the questionnaire

Question 20

Closed question

Answer 20

A question which the answers are given to choose from.

Question 21

Open question

Answer 21

A question which the response could be a range of different answers.

Question 22

Opinion Scale

Answer 22

Used often in closed questions.
Tick the boxes :
Agree, Strongly Agree, etc.

Question 23

What is the problem with an opinion scale?

Answer 23

Most people answer within the middle as they do not want to seem extreme.

Question 24

In a questionnaire, the questions should be:

Answer 24

• Short and simple language used
• Avoiding leading or biased questions
• Give non-overlapping intervals
• Make sure options cover all possibilities
• Include a time frame in the question, (if applicable)
• Avoid questions that will likely be answered dishonestly.

Question 25

Interview Advantages

Answer 25

- Interviewer can explain questions & Respondent explain answers - Can put people at ease when answering personal questions - High response rate - every person interviewed answers the questions.

Question 26

Interview Disadvantages

Answer 26

- Respondents can be likely dishonest to embarrassing and personal questions - Time consuming & expensive - Sample size is typically smaller - Interviewer bias, interpretation of answers - Respondents may try to impress the interviewer, or guess what they want to hear.

Question 27

Anonymous Questionnaire - Advantages

Answer 27

- Respondents are likely to be honest as they will not be judged - Respondents can all complete questionnaire at the same time, or in their own time, which is quick and cheap - Easy to send questionnaire to a large and representative sample - No interviewer biased.

Question 28

Anonymous Questionnaire - Disadvantages

Answer 28

- Respondent may not understand the question - Researcher may not understand the respondent's answer - Lower response rates due to a lack of incentive.

Question 29

Outlier (or anomalous data value)

Answer 29

A value that doesn't fit the patterns of the data.

Question 30

Cleaning data involves:

Answer 30

- Removing units - Deciding what to do about missing data - Identifying and either correcting or removing inaccurate data values or extreme values.

Question 31

What does a control group do?

Answer 31

Tests the effectiveness of a treatment, testing the independent variable is causing change, not extraneous.

Question 32

What is a Hypothesis?

Answer 32

An idea that can be tested by collected and analysing data.

Question 33

What are matched pair tests?

Answer 33

two groups of people are used to test the effects of a particular factor. Each individual in the group is paired with one from the other group with everything in common, except the tested factor.

Question 34

When designing an investigation to test a hypothesis, what factors should be included?

Answer 34

- Cost - Time - Ethics - Confidentiality - Convenience - How to select population and sample - How to deal with non-response - How to deal with unexpected results.

Question 35

Random Response Method

Answer 35

Uses a random event to decide how to answer the question.

Question 36

Pilot Survey

Answer 36

A survey conducted on a small sample to test the design and methods of the survey.

Question 37

Control group

Answer 37

A randomly selected group from the population and is not subject to any factors under investigation.