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1855-1917 History Test > Collapse of the Autocracy 1894-1917 > Flashcards

Collapse of the Autocracy 1894-1917 Flashcards

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1
Q

When did Tsar Nicholas II reign ?

A

1894-1917

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2
Q

Nicholas II

A
  • Lacked training and experience for good leadership
  • Was entirely committed to upholding autocracy
  • Alexandria was unpopular because her influence over Nicholas encouraged him to disregard what was traditionally Russian- she wanted to live as a Victorian family in Imperial Russia
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3
Q

Nicholas’s early years 1894-1904

A
  • Continuity of Alexander III such as Russification
  • Proletariat began to emerge - more strikes as they deeply resented their conditions
  • Famine 1891-2
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4
Q

Famine 1891-2

A

Drought caused in 1891 caused starvation in Volga region.
- Cholera and Typhoid struck
- Zemstvo organised relief rather than Nicholas
- Turned opponents to Marxism as it convinced opponents that capitalism was the most convincing explanation of the peasantry’s impoverishment thus offering solutions.

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5
Q

Opposition to Nicholas II 1895-1905

A

Continual opposition that had been repressed under Alexander II
- Populism
- Liberals

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6
Q

Land and Liberty 1985-1905

A
  • More radical and better organised
  • Doctors and teachers went to work in peasant communities and used their position to stir up resistance to the state
  • Assassinated head of the Third Section
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7
Q

People’s Will 1985-1905

A
  • Assassinated Alexander II
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8
Q

Liberals 1895-1905

A
  • The radical intelligence
  • They were either Slavophiles or Westernisers
  • Educated, well read and well travelled
  • Wanted civil rights and freedom for the individuals through political reform rather than violence
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9
Q

Social Revolutionary Party

A
  • Grew out of the Populist movement
  • Led by Victor Chernov
  • Popular with the peasants
  • SRs condoned violence and responsible for 2000 assassinations
  • Lacked strength as they were often student run
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10
Q

Social Democratic Party

A

This was revolution on behalf of the people
- Led by Vladimir Lenin
- Split into the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks
- Wanted to achieve revolution by following the works of Karl Marxs

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11
Q

Bolsheviks

A
  • Comprised of a few highly disciplined revolutionaries
  • Supported by militant workers that liked the discipline
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12
Q

Mensheviks

A
  • Open membership
  • Democrat
  • Believed in the long process of Marxism
  • Support from non Russians and Intelligentsia
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13
Q

Russo Japanese War - short term cause of the 1905 revolution

A

Russia went to war with Japan following a surprise attack on the Japanese on the Russian naval fleet.
- Russia suffered a humiliating defeat
- Caused opposition activity to surge
- Trade along the Siberian railway reduced (silk, cotton and chemical industry)

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14
Q

1905 Revolution

A
  • By the end of January 400,000 workers were on strike
  • June= Sailors on the Potemkin mutinied
  • Peasant riots spread throughout the countryside (landowner’s houses were looted)
  • General strike spread from Moscow
  • October Manifesto created
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15
Q

Bloody Sunday- short term cause of the 1905 revolution

A
  • 9th January
  • Father Gapon organised a petition (calling for an 8 hour day, minimum wage, freedom of speech and an elected parliament) to the Tsar and a march to the Winter Palace
  • Crowd was estimated to be between 50,000-100,000 of both women and children carrying icons of the Tsar
  • However, the Tsar was not in St Petersburg
  • Cavalry and troops open fired on the peaceful crowd, killing 200 and wounding 500
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16
Q

Mutiny on the Potemkin Battleship

A
  • The crew on the Battleship Potemkin mutinied as they had discovered that they were being given rotten meat to eat.
  • An officer shot one of the complainers
  • The crew then killed several officers and seized control of the ship and sailed to Odessa
  • Tsar ordered troops to open fire on Odessa killing about 2000 citizens
  • This was an embarrassment as Tsar depended on the loyalty of the armed forces
17
Q

October Manifesto

A
  • When urged to make concessions, Nicholas replied ‘one would think that you are afraid a revolution will break out.’
  • It was only when Nicholas’s uncle threatened to kill himself that he agreed to make concessions
  • The manifesto concluded of freedom of speech, an elected Duma and freedom of association and end to unwarranted arrests.
  • Seemed as if the principle of autocracy had been abandoned
  • The manifesto was greeted with celebrations on the streets of St Petersburg
18
Q

How did Nicholas survive in 1905?

A
  • Use of repression ( Okhrana arrested hundreds and troops were sent to the countryside where 15,000 people had to be executed)
  • Loyalty of the armed forces (He increased back pay, promised better rations and Cossacks were rewarded with money and privilege.)
19
Q

Fundamental Laws

A

Despite the October Manifesto, Nicholas issued the Fundamental Laws in April 1906.
- Which stated the Sovereign Emperor possesses the initiative on all legislative matters.

20
Q

First Duma (Dumas 1906-1914)

A
  • No achievements as the Tsar dissolved them
  • Kadets had most seats= Rightists but included a wide range of views
21
Q

Second Duma

A
  • Leftist majority
  • Not many achievements
  • Nicholas dissolved them as he uncovered a plot by the SDs to assassinate him
  • Peasants and workers were excluded
22
Q

Third Duma

A
  • Relations between Dumas and government was more cooperative
  • Stolypin’s agrarian reforms passed
  • Improvements in the army and navy
  • Abolishment’s of land captains
23
Q

Fourth Duma

A
  • Similar to the third Dumas
  • Reform of the Orthodox church and reduction in state control
  • Met throughout the war but formed a progressive bloc which offered Nicholas the chance to work with the people
  • However, Nicholas did not cooperate and so the Duma was suspended
24
Q

Who was Stolypin?

A

Appointed Prime Minister in 1906 and believed agricultural reform would take Russia forward.

25
Q

Stolypin’s Agrarian Reform?

A
  • He thought the Mir was the problem due to their backwardness
  • Allowed peasants to leave the Mir
  • Aimed to reduce the power of the Mir
  • Redistributed the land of some nobles
26
Q

Affects of Stolypin’s Agrarian Reform

A
  • Only 20% of peasants left the Mir
  • Majority of peasant life stayed the same
  • Russia still lagged behind world powers
  • Grain production grew by % annually

1855-1917 History Test (4 decks)

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