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Colic Flashcards

1
Q

Windsucking and crib-biting increase the likelihood of which colics?

A

Epiploic foramen entrapment (EFE)

Simple colonic obstruction distension (SCOD)

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2
Q

Bermuda hay increases the likelihood of which colic?

A

Ileal impaction

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3
Q

Changing feed within a 2 week period increases the likelihood of which colics?

A

Large colon volvulus (LCV)

General colic

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4
Q

Lack of dental care increases the likelihood of which colics?

A

Simple colonic obstruction distension (SCOD)

Large colon volvulus (LCV)

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5
Q

When should you consider euthanasia of a horse?

A 
Uncontrollable pain despite analgesia
CV compromise (HR > 90, PCV >60, mucus membranes purple)
GI rupture (progressive/marked CV deterioration, sweating, sudden pain reduction, red/brown peritoneal fluid with ingesta)
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6
Q

When does epiploic foramen entrapment usually occur? What behaviour/management changes is it linked with?

A

December-February

Crib-biting/wind-sucking, changing feed, turning out

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7
Q

What is equine grass sickness? What pathogen is it linked with?

A

Equine dysautonomia - a polyneuropathy affecting the CNS and PNS
Botulism - Clostridium botulinum type C

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8
Q

The clinical signs of Equine Grass Sickness (Equine Dysautonomia) are due to neuronal degeneration in the autonomic and enteric nervous system. How is EGS diagnosed?

A

Clinical signs

Histology of ileal biopsy

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9
Q

What are the clinical signs of acute Equine Grass sickness?

A 
Colic - reflux, distension
Tachycardia
Sweating 
Salivation
Difficulty swallowing
Ptosis
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10
Q

What are the clinical signs of chronic Equine Grass Sickness?

A 
Weight loss
Tachycardia
Dysphagia
Patchy sweating
Muscle fasciulations
Rhinitis
Altered stance - greyhound/elephant on barrel
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11
Q

What horses are prone to Equine Grass Sickness? (age, time of year)

A 
Young horses (2-7 yrs)
At pasture - Spring/Autumn
Mechanical faeces removal
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12
Q

How can Equine Grass Sickness be prevented?

A

Avoid turning out to pastures with previous EGS

Supplement with hay/haylage

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13
Q

What is the treatment for Equine Grass Sickness?

A

No treatment- PTS

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14
Q

How are gastric ulcers diagnosed?

A

Gastroscopy

Fast for 16 hours

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15
Q

How are gastric ulcers treated?

A

Omeprazole (proton pump inhibitor)
Ranitidine/cimetidin (histamine receptor antagonist)
Sucralfate (binds to ulcer)

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16
Q

Large colon distension/displacement causes mild-moderate pain. How is it treated initially?

A

Medically

Surgery if worsening

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17
Q

What are the risk factors for large colon impaction? (Management, time of year, bedding)

A

Change in management (stabling or box rest)
Autumn
Straw bedding

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18
Q

Large colon impaction is more severe in which animals?

A

Older horses

Donkeys

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19
Q

Large colon volvulus is common in what type of horses?

A

Large horses

Mares post-foaling

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20
Q

What are the risk factors for large colon volvulus?

A

Increased stabling
Dental disease - quidding 90 days prior
Food changes

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21
Q

Meconium retention in neonates is the failure to pass normal black faeces. How is it treated?

A 
Soapy water or phosphate enema
Elevated HLs for 30 mins
Remove feed (leave water)
If passes faeces, offer small amounts of food and return to normal ration.
If not passing faeces repeat
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22
Q

Nephrosplenic entrapment involves displacement of which part of the colon?

A

Left dorsal colon displacement

23
Q

Nephrosplenic entrapment is more common in which horses?

A

Larger horses

Warm bloods

24
Q

Is the treatment for nephrosplenic entrapment surgical or medical?

A

Either
Medical if parameters normal, no CV compromise, no marked distension
Surgical if marked distension

25
How is nephrosplenic entrapment diagnosed?
Ultrasound - failure to see L kidney
26
How is nephrosplenic entrapment managed medically?
Analgesia Phenylnephrine infusion over 15 mins (reduces splenic size) Lunging for 10 minutes Then reassess
27
Nephrosplenic entrapment can be more serious in older horses, as there is a risk of what?
Haemorrhage
28
Pedunculated lipoma strangulation is most common in the small intestine. What horses are at risk of this?
Ponies Geldings Older age >8
29
Pelvic flexure impaction causes mild to moderate pain. What is a risk factor for impaction?
Stabling more than normal
30
How is pelvic flexure impaction diagnosed?
Rectal exam - doughy, firm structure in L caudal abdomen
31
How is pelvic flexure impaction treated?
Oral fluids every 4 hours until faeces passed Epsom salts (May require IVFT or surgery)
32
What causes sand colic?
Poor grazing and ingesting sandy soil | Causes impaction of large colon (with secondary displacement/torsion) or irritation to colon
33
How is sand colic diagnosed?
Radiography Sand in faeces or abdominocentesis 'Seashore' sound on auscultation
34
How is sand colic treated?
Remove sand source Provide forage with psyllium husk May require surgery
35
Simple colonic obstruction distension (SCOD) is associated with which risk factors?
Crib-biting/windsucking | Less frequent dentals
36
Spasmodic colic causes intestinal spasms resulting in mild pain. How is it treated?
Buscopan (butylscopolamine/hyoscine) | Analgesia - PBZ or metamizole
37
Flunixin meglumine is a potent analgesic and anti-endotoxic drug. When is it used in cases of colic?
Moderate/severe pain and if no option of referral or known diagnosis
38
What is the best first line NSAID of mild/moderate colic pain? How long does it last for?
Phenylbutazone | 12 hours
39
Administering PBZ IV should be done cautiously. Why?
Extravascular irritant | Can cause Horner's if disrupts sympathetic trunk
40
What is metamizole?
Analgesic drug - part of Buscopan compositum (butyl scopolamine + metamizole)
41
What analgesic is most useful to assess a painful colic case? Why?
``` Xylazine Short acting (30 mins) - can assess response to analgesia ```
42
What is the duration of detomidine and romifidine?
2-4 hours
43
Romifidine is usually combined with which opioid to manage moderate/severe pain?
Butorphanol
44
Oral fluids +/- electrolytes via an NG tube in the ventral meatus is useful for colic cases. How often should they be given? When can they not be given?
Every 4 hours | Not an option for refluxing horses
45
What causes horses to reflux?
Blockage of GI tract
46
After performing a midline laparotomy on a horse, how is the abdomen closed?
2 or 3 layers: Linea alba/muscle Subcut tissue Skin
47
If a horse has post-operative ileus, what should be done to manage this?
Decompress stomach Walk in hand Gradual increase in feed when suitable
48
When can surgical colics be discharged? What is the recovery plan for the owners?
``` Discharge anytime from day 6 22-24 weeks recovery 8 weeks box rest 8 weeks turn out in small yard/paddock 6-8 weeks turn out in larger paddock and gradual return to exercise ```
49
How many days after colic surgery are skin sutures removed?
10-14 days
50
What is chronic colic?
Colic signs of variable intensity for over 48 hours
51
When a horse is experiencing chronic or recurring colic, what should be done to investigate?
``` History - recent diet change, dental history Full clinical exam NG intubation Bloods - biochem, haematology FEC or ELISA for parasites Abdominocentesis Transabdominal or transrectal ultrasound Oral glucose reabsorption test Rectal or duodenal biopsy ```
52
In which intercostal spaces does the equine stomach occupy?
8-13 | If 5+ rib sizes, distended
53
What thickness should the equine stomach wall usually be?
7-8mm
54
An oral glucose absorption test is used to test the function of what part of the GI system? What is a normal result?
Small intestine function Normal = >85% Partial = <85% Complete = <15%

GI (EQ) (5 decks)

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