Cold War & Ostpolitik Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
REYNOLDS | what is popular in common discourse now?
A
Cultural history - Peter Burke - ‘on the way to the culture of everything’
2
Q
REYNOLDS | What is of growing obsolescence in discourse?
A
‘International history’ and ‘diplomatic history’ Rather seen as relics of old fashioned political history
3
Q
REYNOLDS | What did the French Annales school introduce?
A
Focus on socio-cultural history - rejection of marxist class analysis, rejection of diplomatic history
4
Q
What agitations were emerging in Britain and America to the practice of history?
A
History from Below E.P. Thompson
5
Q
Who do not like positivism? (verifiable, scientific)
A
Marxists and postmodernists
6
Q
How has the interest in cultural turn affected diplomacy?
A
The creation of cultural diplomacy - discovery of the ways in which USA used music, literature, art and other cultural products as weapons in the cold war
7
Q
What must be remembered about the Cold War, David Caute?
A
Very cool in terms of military conflict - compared to the crusades and the wars of religion in the sixteenth century
8
Q
What has cultural history unveiled about the nature of Cold War cultural policy?
A
Promotion of freedom within and beyond the free world was done by distinctly illiberal methods - bribery, propaganda, coercion. This could all be achieved covertly through the funding of unions, journalists, scholars and private groups to avoid direct U.S. government involvement
9
Q
How did the Truman administration covertly influence the Italian elections of 1948?
A
‘Exchange Stabilisation Fund’ - $10 million through unvouchered and private sources to defeat the communists.
10
Q
What is the progression from the Frankfurt school critique of cultural imperialism?
A
Movement to cultural transmission or transfer - suggestion of two way movement.
11
Q
What does Reinhold Wagnleitner’s book Coca-Colonisation and the Cold War show about young Austrians?
A
They embraced American values in their own ways and for their own reasons - to help move their country on from the social and political norms of the National Socialist era. This was ‘self-colonisation’
12
Q
What does Jessica Gienow-Hecht’s study of American cultural diplomacy in West Germany conclude?
A
Germans embraced Elvis and Disney but jealously guarded their own high culture (Goethe and Mozart) as part of their national identity.
13
Q
When did gender enter the field of international history?
A
1990s - Emily Rosenberg
14
Q
What does Frank Costigliola contribute to the gender narrative?
A
Utility of emotive meanings to constrain rational analysis. I.e. detection in US officials the depiction of allies as “beings that were in some way diminished from the norm of a healthy heterosexual male: sick patients, hysterical women, naïve children, emasculated men”
15
Q
How did the British diplomats read the Americans during the 1930s?
A
Isolationistic and erratic tendencies through gender scopes: ‘she resembles a young lady just launched into society and highly susceptible to a little deference from an older man”. Britain felt the need to educate America.
16
Q
How does Robert Dean measure the Kennedy role in the coming of the Vietnam war?
A
Kennedy wanted to not seem weak - to promote a cult of manliness which went beyond style - was something more akin to a fundamental makeup of a world view.
17
Q
What is the typical JFK quote to demonstrate a ‘manly’ tendency to face up to Khrushchev?
A
“If he thinks I’m inexperienced and have no guts, until we remove those ideas we won’t get anywhere with him. So we have to act… and Vietnam looks like the place”
18
Q
Another function -the role of memory. How has this impacted international history?
A
The memory of Yalta was used by the Republican right in America during the 1940s to blast Roosevelt and the Democrats for selling out Eastern Europe and China to communism.
19
Q
What is the function of ‘alterity’ in international history?
A
Edward Said - Orientalism Others have detected a similar set of enduring and powerful European stereotypes about the Balkans, and have used ‘Balkanism’ as a tool to understand western policies in south-eastern Europe.
20
Q
What does Reynolds caution about the role of cultural diplomacy?
A
Runs the risk of becoming the deus ex machina in history
21
Q
What is the basis of foreign policy in the US?
A
Lockean liberalism - theory of liberty, based in law and rooted in property. American conceptualisation of liberalism bound liberty with the spreading of American ideas.
22
Q
What was the liberal defence of black slavery?
A
slaves were unfit to rule themselves
23
Q
How was the Spanish-American war guised?
A
For the liberation of Cuba, the achievement of self-government.
24
Q
What do the documents released from the Kremlin show in the 1990s?
A
The trove of once-secret documents declassified in the 1990s make clear that Lenin and his successors did not use ideology as mere cover for raisons d’etat; in the apt words of one skeptical historian: “There was no double-bookkeeping
25
What was characteristic of both Soviet and American ideologies?
both were universalistic; they both held the their conceptions of society applied to all nations and peoples
26
ENGERMAN | What claim to modernity did the Soviets and Americans hold?
Vanguard of modernity - seeking to supplant the moribund traditions of Europe- and ultimately to transform Europe itself. History was seen as the irreversible march of improvement, which they defined as the spread of their own influence. They considered eachother to be a step back from the realisation of true freedom.
27
What did both Wilson and Lenin write for?
International system divided into imperial blocs, centred in European nation-states, and maintained through secret and self-interested diplomacy
28
ENGERMAN | What did the depression of the 1930s offer those looking for American-Soviet convergence?
New Deal in the US represented a step away from an individualist and free-market orientation that had defined american liberalism.
29
What was the USSR doing at the time of the American depression?
Focusing on socialism in one country - abandoning the ambitions for socialism in one country. Seen by one as the 'great retreat from ideology'
30
During the cold war, how did the us and ussr elect to operate their respective empires?
The US elected to run an empire by invitation, whereas the USSR ran an empire by imposition.
31
What did George Kennan concede through his long telegram?
That there could be no permanent modus vivendi between the two ideologies
32
What did the US conclude about the nature of defeating communism?
It did not need to be defeated - merely contained. A contained USSR, would be less aggressive internationally and less stable domestically, it would ultimately collapse of its own fruition. (/internal contradictions)
33
How did Lippmann describe Stalin?
Not the heir of Marx, but of Peter the Great - continuing the tsar's efforts to expand Russia's influence
34
What was established in 1947?
Cominform - attempt to integrate its own European sphere.
35
Where was the remainder of the CW fought?
The rapidly expanding Third World would remain contested terrain for the remainder of the CW. The USSR were more convincing - demonstrating the US to be on the side of empire by supporting the Western European nations
36
What was the second appeal of the USSR?
The USSR' s economic system gave it a second advantage. Having recendy transformed itself from a backward nation into a modem industrial society, the Soviet Union was an inspiration for former colonies too impatient for the gradualist approach promoted by American development agencies.
37
What to Reynolds in the durable legacy of the Cold War?
The universalism at the root of American liberalism and the military might acquired during the conflict with the Soviet Union, might be the Cold War's most durable legacy.
38
What unconventional field was discussed by Kenneth Osgood in his review essay?
Psychological warfare - the battle for the hearts and minds of the people under communist influence
39
What did NSC 10/2 commit the US to?
an "unprecedented program of counterforce against communism" including subversion against hostile states.
40
What was the remit of the OPC (Office of Policy Coordination)?
- Psychological warfare - direct mail, rumours, etc. - Political warfare - support of resistance groups, refugees and anticommunists. - Economic warfare - market manipulation, fiscal operations. - Preventive direct action - support of guerrillas, sabotage, demolition
41
what operations did the Free Europe Committee oversee?
Radio propaganda over eastern Europe + the crusade for freedom - also ran domestically. The CIA was the single largest political advertiser in the 1950s
42
How was psychological warfare to be used?
a method to chip away at the soviet bloc
43
Where was funding targeted?
Outside of Eastern Europe - increasingly in Africa, Asia, Latin America
44
What was the Congress for Cultural Freedom? (CCF)
America's Ministry of Culture, featuring funding and promotion of intellectuals such as: - Melvin Lasky - Isiah Berlin - Sidney Hook - Dwight MacDonald - Hannah Arendt - Vladimir Nabokov - Arthur Loestler - Raymond Aron - George Orwell - others...
45
What could be said about the compendium of liberal anti-Stalinist confessions - The God That Failed?
Was as much a product of intelligence as it was a work of the intelligentsia
46
Name a CIA front for CCF?
The Farfield Foundation
47
Odd Arne Westad - Reviewing the Cold War | What has been the direction of CW historiography?
\* 1 - Orthodox 1940s/50s - influenced by the failure of detente with Nazi Germany - viewing Stalin as an antithesis to freedom \* 2 - 1960/70s - America attempting to force its will on a reluctant world - clashes between orthodox and revisionists led to extreme amounts of rhetorical escalation - Gaddis in the 1980s attempted to return to the facts \* 3 - Post-revisionists ventured from the European core to the Balkans, Scandinavia, Middle East, Iran, China and elsewhere 4 - Gaddis = founder of post-revisionist approach \* Leffler - focus on national security \* Lundestad - Empire by Invitation thesis \* Stephanson - radical critic of mainstream CW history, emphasising the conflict as being mainly an American ideological construct \* Gaddis changed position with access to Russian archives
48
What do Gaddis' findings from the Russian archives confirm?
A return to the original thesis: As long as Stalin was in control, the CW was inevitable.
49
What happened in the 1980s to the American outlook on the war?
a substantial radicalisation of American universalism - in part as a reaction against the attacks of self-doubt brought on by Vietnam and Watergate. During Ronald Reagan’s presidency, with the economy doing well and the failures of the 1970s forgotten or rewritten, American foreign policy again became imbued with missions: defeating revolutions, opening markets, and instituting democracies.
50
Odd Arne Westad - The Cold War and the international history of the twentieth century What could be said about the US preponderance of power?
This consistent US preponderance has led some historians to conclude that the Cold War was really an American project for achieving global hegemony, rather than a competition between two superpowers.
51
What inhibited the USSR's agricultural ambitions?
The Soviets were long held back in genetics by the politically motivated resistance against Mendel-Morganism.
52
why according to Westad did the Cold War persist as long as it did?
Much of the reason why such a faith could persist for as long as it did (or does, in the American case) has to do with the com.mon lineage that the two ideologies represent. Against traditions of privilege, heritage, family, and locality, both Soviets and Americans offered a modern and revolutionary alternative, in which people could reinvent themselves and help create a new world. In the American case, this alternative meant the globalization of the US immigrant perspective, in which people could choose the communities to which they wished to belong. On the Soviet side it globalized the Bolsheviks' hatred for "old Russia," which they considered back-ward and underdeveloped. For Americans and Russians - and for many people around the world who came to share one or the other of these visions - the global Cold War agenda was to change the world in the image of their ideas.
53
What arguably did the Cold War do in Third World nations that was particularly indicative of a steamroller action?
In countries such as Ethiopia or Iran, the superpower interventions supported wars against the identities and beliefs of the great majority of the local population.
54
Major & Mitter | What is notable about the state of investigations on Eastern Europe during the Cold War?
Publications are certainly more abundant for the former German Democratic Republic, which has seen a number of studies of East German society, notably from the Zentrum für Zeithistorische .orschung in Potsdam, or from a number of younger British scholars. Yet, the rest of the Eastern bloc is heavily underresearched and focused on key isolated moments such as the Prague spring.
55
Major & Mitter | What happened with the collapse of Nazism?
With the demise of fascist anti-Enlightenment thinking, both liberal democracy and communism pretended to the true mantle of scientific rationality. Both professed to embody modernity, and appropriated the word democracy , but applied to it fundamentally different meanings.
56
What is a more accurate name for McCarthyism?
Hooverism
57
Coca-cola poster
A clever poster by Coca-Cola once showed various world leaders, from Caesar to Lenin and Hitler, beside a bottle of Coke. The caption read: Only one launched a campaign that conquered the world.'
58
what has emerged in European Anti-American literature?
A growing literature on European anti-Americanization has thus emerged, revealing how overt Cold War concerns overlay pre-existing cultural fears of modernity and mass society, as well as the mass medias supposed oversexualized pandering to the pleasure principle
59
What do Major & Mitter conclude about the Eastern bloc consumer aspirations?
No matter how hard they tried, could not fulfil consumer aspirations
60
Richard Crockatt - The Fifty Years War What is Crockatt's position on the conflict between Russia and America?
Antagonism would have occurred “even had they possessed similar political systems and social values”
61
What was realised in the 1980s?
The full implications of the fragility of the Soviet power were only realised in the 1980s, when it became clear that military power could no longer compensate for economic weakness or for the declining hold of communist ideology over Soviet and Eastern Bloc peoples
62
What, according to Crockatt, could be said about the nature of Soviet interests in detente?
Soviet detente like US , was Janus Faced. It held out strong possibilities for conciliation without erasing the suspicions which its fundamentally competitive stance towards the US aroused.
63
**Alter** - The German Question and Europe
What was the Bevin Plan?
creation of West German state, dismantling of relations with the Soviets : "Apart from food, the remedy for the present diffiucties of Germany lies in the successful fusion first of the British and American zones, and then of the other two zones, as soon as they are ready". 'The fusion agreement as I have stated so often is open for the others to join. Ultimately, I hope and believe it will lead to the creation of a unified Germany
64
**Alter** - The German Question and Europe
Thatcher's position on reunification?
'a destabilising rather than stabilising force in Europe'
65
**Ash** | We the People
For Poland, what is critical to understanding 1989?
The emergence of the Solidarity movement in 1980 was critical in the realisation of 1989 - "There is no liberty without solidarity"
66
**Ash** | We the People
What did the 1974 constitution state?
1974 amendment to the GDR constitution stipulated ’the German Democratic Republic is forever and irrevocably allied with the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics’
67
**Ash** | We the People
What was important in the velvet revolution
The image of Dubcek.
68
**Craig** - Did Ostpolitik Work?
What was the intent behind Ostpolitik?
In East Germany, the apparent aim of the Ostpolitik of the governments of Brandt, Schmidt and Kohl was reform that would improve the liberties of GDR citizens and would be sustained by ever- increasing collaboration between what Brandt had called the “two states in one nation.”
69
**Craig** - Did Ostpolitik Work?
What did Western trade lead to in East Germany?
far from setting these states on the path of sustained growth, with political modernisation following economic modernisation, instead helped them down the path to economic crisis.
70
**Craig** - Did Ostpolitik Work?
What was a benefit of Ostpolitik?
Ostpolitik brought some important benefits to people in East Berlin and East Germany (one thinks, for example, of the relaxation of travel standards). Through its strategy of weaving, it also did a great deal to bring the attractions of the West home to the peoples of Eastern Europe.
71
**Craig** - Did Ostpolitik Work?
When was the proposal of Ostpolitik first floated?
* 1963 - Change through rapproachement.
* Implemented eventually by Willy Brandt, between 1969 and 1974.
* Deviation from the Christian Democrat approach (CDU), who were actively hostile to East Germany. The Social Democrats achieved a degree of cooperation with East Germany.
72
**Craig** - Did Ostpolitik Work?
Who dominated Germany in postwar era, what was the Hallstein doctrine?
* CDU dominant between the years 1949-69 - elected to refuse contact with the GDR. Hallstein Doctrine dictated that the FRG would not operate with any nation that recognised the GDR - first implemented against Yugoslavia for recognising a GDR diplomat in 1957. Policy became increasingly unsustainable into the 1960s, as more countries recognised the GDR - case in point, the affiliation of Germany to Israel triggered the movement of other Arab states to the GDR.
73
**Craig** - Did Ostpolitik Work?
What legislative policies followed ostpolitik?
* 1970 - Treaty of Moscow - renouncing use of force, recognising contemporary European borders
1970 - Treaty of Warsaw - recognising the people’s republic of Poland
1972 - controversial - Basic Treaty - recognising formal relations between the two nations for the first time since the partition
Contentious - went against the FRG line that there was only one GER
Brandt attempted to smooth over - claiming that recognition of two states therefore overruled the notion of the other half of Germany being foreign
74
**Craig** - Did Ostpolitik Work?
What was the first step towards the Ostpolitik?
* - 1969 - FRG Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty with USSR - first step in the normalisation of relationships
75
**Craig** - Did Ostpolitik Work?
What were the collective treaties with eastern Europe known as?
* Ostverträge
76
**Craig** - Did Ostpolitik Work?
What precipitated Brandt's resignation?
* Brandt’s resignation in 1974 was triggered by the discovery that his aide, Günter Guillaume, was an East German spy
* Heinneman suggests that Brandt was also tired
77
Wolfe | West Germany's Ostpolitik
What line was contentious for Germany to recognise?
The Order-Neisse Line
78
Wolfe | West Germany's Ostpolitik
Where did support for Ostpolitik emanate from?
Churches, industry, trade unions, and the radical left.
79
Wolfe | West Germany's Ostpolitik
What role did Protestant Bishops play?
Protestant Bishops of West Germany issued a memorandum calling for the recognition of the Oder-Neisse Line and reconciliation with Poland.
80
Wolfe | West Germany's Ostpolitik
What role did Bankers and Trade Unions play in realising Ostpolitik?
After signing the Moscow treaty, pledged some $350 million to the Soviet Union
Trade unions unofficially supported Ostpolitik through contacts with counterparts in Eastern Europe.
81
Wolfe | West Germany's Ostpolitik
What role did the New Left play in realising Ostpolitik?
Young Socialists of the Social Democratic Party have consistently striven for an active policy toward the east. One of the few things the New Left supported in the Brandt-Scheel coalition.
82
**Tismaneanu** - The Revolutions of 1989
What does Tismaneanu argue about the nature of the anti-communist movements?
Glossed over the heterogenous nature of anti-communist movements - in fact, not all those who rejected Leninism did so because they were dreamign of an open society and liberal values.
Among revolutionaries were:
* Fundamentalists
* Religous dogmatists
* Nostalgics of the pre-communist regimes
* pro-Nazis
83
**Tismaneanu** - The Revolutions of 1989
What was effectively abandoned in 1988?
The Brezhnev Doctrine - constructed in 1968, it was employed as a justiifcation for the Warsaw Pact crushing the Prague Spring
84
**Tismaneanu** - The Revolutions of 1989
What was the Gorbachev factor, why did it emerge?
A push for the liberalisation of the USSR, in an attempt to push through modernisation and quell discontent. Emerged as a result of a loss of confidence among the communist elite
85
**Tismaneanu** - The Revolutions of 1989
What is at the core of Tismaneanu's argument?
Whilst the structural factors aided in the collapse of the USSR, the dynamics, rhythm and orientation of these revolutions was dependent on local conditions.
86
**Tismaneanu** - The Revolutions of 1989
What does Tony Judt contest abouthte nature of liberal dissidents in the downfall of the USSR?
Liberal dissidents had limited impact - the pro-communist/ illiberal mechanism of the state was far more compelling.
87
**Kenny Padriac -** A Carnival of Revolution
What role did the Church play in bringing about the collapse of communism?
* Candlelight march 1988 - Slovakia - against communist regime - organised by Roman Catholic dissent groups
* Inofrmation propagated through Vatican Radio and Radio Free Europe + Voice of America
* Solidarity - backed by Paul John Paul II
88
**Peter Merkl -** The German Janus - From Westpolitik to Ostpolitik
What were the antecedents to Ostpolitik?
* Confrontations between the CDU and CSU in the early 1960s - between the Atlanticists and Gaullists.
* Adenauer had tied the West Germans to NATO - implying there was no foreign policy deviation between the two.
* German Guallists - wanted to give the FP outlook a more French overture - rather than solely resting of the Americans (this included Adenauer in later years)
* Atlanticists - including **Gerhard Schroeder** - sought to re-establish links with the old clientele of the Reich in East Europe
89
**Peter Merkl -** The German Janus - From Westpolitik to Ostpolitik
What Memorandum from 1966 signified the limited impact of earlier attempts of Ostpolitik taken by Schroeder?
* The Peace Memorandum of 1966 - Bonn proposed the exchange renunciation of force agreements with all the Eastern states expect the GDR, and to enter agreements to freeze the nuclear potential of central Europe.
90
**Peter Merkl -** The German Janus - From Westpolitik to Ostpolitik
What undermined the basis of enemies of Schroeder's Ostpolitik?
* Gaullist and Johnsonian pronouncements about healing the breach between Western and Eastern Europe
91
**Peter Merkl -** The German Janus - From Westpolitik to Ostpolitik
Why was the Ostpolitik of 1967 limited?
* Increasing soviet pressure on Prague, Budapest, Warsaw held these countries in a solidarity ring against the wooing of Bonn
92
**Peter Merkl -** The German Janus - From Westpolitik to Ostpolitik
What were Kiesinger and Brandt reluctant to abandon?
* The peaceful use of nuclear energy - and some stake in a future european force de frappe
93
**Peter Merkl -** The German Janus - From Westpolitik to Ostpolitik
What undermined motions towards a renunciation of force?
The intervention of the USSR in the Prague spring
94
**Peter Merkl -** The German Janus - From Westpolitik to Ostpolitik
What had the Soviet motions been between 1967 and 1969, what was this interpreted as?
The soviet claims to a right to intervention in Germany and the nuclear nonproliferation treaty were seen by many to be made of the same discriminatory cloth, and some hardliners even spoke of a super-Yalta or Super-Versailles.
95
**Peter Merkl -** The German Janus - From Westpolitik to Ostpolitik
What happened rapidly into the accession of Brandt?
* Within five weeks, had signed the nuclear non-proliferation treaty
* $1bil dollar treaty with Russia for a pipeline through the GDR to access Russian nature gas was also secured.
96
**Peter Merkl -** The German Janus - From Westpolitik to Ostpolitik
What did the Bundestag conclude in its treaty with the GDR?
* It chose to recognise the existence of a second German state within German territory, on a basis of equality and nondiscrimination, and acknowledged that it no longer had the right to represent all Germans - *Alleinvertretung*
97
**Peter Merkl -** The German Janus - From Westpolitik to Ostpolitik
Why was Brandt successful where Shroeder was not?
* The timing and the linkage of various matters and their ratification
* Berlin was made the crucial pivot of the relaxation of tensions in Europe, as it should have been.
* The Bonn-Moscow treaty as well as the one with Warsaw was not to come up for ratification until a satisfactory solution of the Berlin question was reached by FR, GB, US and USSR
* The Soviets would have preferred severing all Berlin ties, including subsidies, to Bonn and making West Berlin economically and politially dependent on its natural, East German hinterland.
98
**Peter Merkl -** The German Janus - From Westpolitik to Ostpolitik
What four annexes were forged in the Bonn-Moscow Treaty?
1. Civilian traffic between East Germany and West Berlin - facilitated and unimpeded
2. Relationship between the Federal Republic and West Berlin
3. Travel and communication between West Berlin and East German territories
4. Representation of West Berlin interests abroad and the Soviet consular activities in West Berlin.
99
**Kotkin** - Uncivil Society
What happened in 1985/6?
Worse, after the price of oil tumbled precipitously in 1985-86, the Soviet Union - which could not beg itself for more money - eventually became contaminated with the Polish disease, too, borrowing from the capitalists to satisfy consumer desires in a socialist country.
100
**Kotkin** - Uncivil Society
What was a key aspect of GDR identity?
East Germany’s populace, no less than the regime, understood that comparisons with West Germany were the basis of the GDR’s legitimacy. Either socialism was superior to Capitalism, or it had no reason for being. This logic - starkly evident in the case of the two Germanys - held for the entire bloc.
The fate of each national communist regime was dependent on one another
101
**Kotkin** - Uncivil Society
What could be concluded about the state of the GDR by 1989?
* GDR debt @ DM 49 billion.
* Annual cost of servicing debt obligations - $4.5 billion - 60% of export earnings.
* Stabilising debt by imposition of austerity would lower living standards by nearly 1/3 - provided buyers could be found for GDR exports - in other words, there was no end in sight to more hard-currency borrowing.
* Living well beyond its means, the GDR had essentially lost its sovereignty.
102
**Kotkin** - Uncivil Society
What was planned to happen in Leipzig Marches?
* Bloody domestic crackdown against peaceful protesters, as happened in Tiananmen. Crackdown was prepared - 3,000 riot police, 3,000 regular army troops, 500 paras, 7000 celebrants - however never implemented. This was due to the fact that Honecker never provided a concrete order to engage the ‘counterrevolution’.
103
**Kotkin** - Uncivil Society
what was the financial burden absorbed by the West Germans in 1989?
* West Germany also assumed responsibility not only for East Germany’s state debt, some $26.5 billion, but for infrastructure and economic overhaul, at a cost of more than $2 trillion”
104
**Kotkin** - Uncivil Society
What was instrumental in also bringing down the regime?
* The new soviet general secretary caused the destabilisation. Underlying it were momentous structural shifts. Germany and Japan’s huge shift from Great Depression and goose-stepping militarism to middle-class prosperity and democracy, followed by the reentry of some 400 million Chinese into the Capitalist world economy beginning in 1978, was earth-shattering. Soviet-style socialism - the supposed antidote to Capitalism - did not decline; it was crushed in a competition that was its raison d’êtr
105
**Glees** - Reinventing Germany
What benefits were afforded by the West german situation?
Adenauer’s model Germany was able to undergo experimentation as it remained a relatively unimportant nation in the global forum of the global war - lacking a nuclear arsenal, and independence from Western intervention, it was incapable of true autonomy
106
**Glees** - Reinventing Germany
What precipitated the wall?
Situation had become critical in East Germany - three million had left the GDR by 1961, 20,000 in June alone. Recognition of GDR was needed to construct a border
“The wall was a gross and totally unacceptable violation of human rights and international agreements”
107
**Glees** - Reinventing Germany
What was Brandt's crypto-imperialism?
Brandt’s position as a crypto-imperialist was useful in the West german eyes, as it made him appear tougher than he was
Brandt’s principles:
- Improvement of travel
- Reuniting families
- Participation in the UN
- Abrogation of the sole representation principle
“Brandt had, in short, conceded a great deal: the rhetorical, even romantic attachment to the idea of the nation was retained, but to all intents and purposes Brandt accepted the existence of two sovereign Germanys” - Stoph rejected, accused Brandt of revanchism
108
**Glees** - Reinventing Germany
Did Ostpolitik Help or Hinder the Cause of German Unity?
Gunter Guillaume, turned out to be a Stasi officer. It is known that he gave his masters detailed information about Brandt’s thoughts on Ostpolitik”
109
**Glees** - Reinventing Germany
What was Davy's position on Ostpolitik?
Davy’s perception was that Ostpolitik was a “paradoxical policy that worked”
Renouncing unification by accepting East German boundaries was a method of pursuing unification from the opposite direction
Davy = reunification was goal
Should aim not to mystify the objectives of Brandt in the formulation of Ostpolitik - Ostpolitik has to be understood as expedient as well as long term - the intentional objective of Ostpolitik had to be recognition of EG
110
**Vladimir Pechatov** | The Soviet Union and the World
How many were killed in Russia during the Great Patriotic War?
27 million, 1,700 ciites destroyed, 31,000 industiral centres destroyed
111
**Vladimir Pechatov** | The Soviet Union and the World
How could it be argued that Russia was in a good state after the war?
* Germany and Japan were annihilated
* Military predominance over the Eurasian landmass
* Key member of the Grand Alliance
112
**Vladimir Pechatov** | The Soviet Union and the World
What had Soviets had ambitions of?
Reclaiming territory lost to Japan during the 1904-5 war.
113
**Vladimir Pechatov** | The Soviet Union and the World
What was the Soviet ambition for Europe?
To exist as the preponderant power in Europe - seeing the US as a distant power. This was destroyed with the nuclear dimension.
114
**Vladimir Pechatov** | The Soviet Union and the World
How did Stalin act to support the West at the end of the Cold War?
* Restrained the French and Italian Communists from seizing power 1944-45.
* Refused to support actively Communist military campaigns against the British-backed government in Greece and the American-backed Nationalist government in China.
* Internally, Stalin resisted the urge to rapidly impose his soviet-style system
115
**Vladimir Pechatov** | The Soviet Union and the World
Why was Stalin interested in maintaining stable relations with the West?
* To prevent the resurgence of Germany and Japan, as well as to legitimate new borders of the USSR
* Wanted to prevent a conflict with the West, who had the preponderance of power
116
**Vladimir Pechatov** | The Soviet Union and the World
Why was Stalin sceptical of the West, thus driving a hard bargaining position?
Historically, Russia has not peformed well in bargaining - most recently with the Molotov-Ribbentrop plan
117
**Vladimir Pechatov** | The Soviet Union and the World
What was antagonistic on behalf of Truman?
The termination of lend-lease to the USSR - as well as rebuffing USSR attempts to internationalise the use of the Ruhr, trusteeship of the Med. and bases in the Turkish Straits.
118
**Vladimir Pechatov** | The Soviet Union and the World
What was a success of Potsdam?
Stalin's success in blocking Western attempts to monitor elections in Romania, Bulgaria and Hungary - "in effect recognised the Balkans as a Soviet sphere of influence"
119
**Vladimir Pechatov** | The Soviet Union and the World
What did Stalin announce in 1946?
A New Five Year Plan - read by the West as a renewal of idoelogical struggle and for revolutionary expansion. This too was accompanied by a renewal in anti-capitalism propaganda.
120
**Vladimir Pechatov** | The Soviet Union and the World
How were Stalin's efforts to prevent further British-American collusion undermined?
Undermined by his own actions in Iran and Turkey
* Iran - attempted to secure oil supplies through occupation and establishment of a pro-Soviet regime - this failed.
* Turkey - Attempted to assert claim to Straits by pressuring Ankara - did not work
This would confirm US-GB suspicions.
121
**Vladimir Pechatov** | The Soviet Union and the World
What did Stalin initiate as of 1946?
A rejection of "fawning" over the West - would compound moral claims to superiority over a 'rotten West'.
122
**Vladimir Pechatov** | The Soviet Union and the World
What was the Kremlin's primary objective in 1946?
To create a 'glacis' of pro-Soviet states along the Western border of Russia - this would be through the support of people's democracies - made the communists in Poland tolerate the Catholic church.
* The people's democracy agenda was not conducive to the creep of Sovietisation
* People were rebelling against. As of 1947, Stalin was prepping for the forcible control of the regions.
123
**Vladimir Pechatov** | The Soviet Union and the World
What did Stalin inform Georgi Dimitrov?
"all of Germany must be ours, Soviet." Forced merger of the socialist parties in the nation. Full control impractical with the Allies however. Middle option was a neutral, demilitarised Germany.
124
**Vladimir Pechatov** | The Soviet Union and the World
What was the Soviet reaction to the Truman doctrine and Marshall?
* Truman - muted response
* Marshall - consequential - did not want the Eastern satellite states from being drawn under the control of the West - led to the installation of the Cominform to oppose a junior anti-Soviet coalition
* The intensification of the Cold War terminated any lingering restraints on the full-scale Sovietisation of the region - Kremlin gave the green light to Communist clients in Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary to crack down on opponents
* Stalin used the conflcit to tighten his grip over other countries inEastern Europe - leading to mass-scale purges
125
**Vladimir Pechatov** | The Soviet Union and the World
What else occurred in the USSR at the time?
Belief in the creation of a Western "Fifth Column" - led to the witch-hunt of 'rootless cosmopolitans' (AKA Jews).
Hostile encirclement was seen in the est. of US military bases around the USSR, its atomic monopoly, its war plans, adn the saber-rattling rhetoric of officials.
126
How much did Hungary receive from the World Bank in 1986, what conditions were attached to this?
* $100 million
* Recommendations
* Liberalisation of foreign trade
* New self-management system which limits direct state intervention
* Institutionalise changes to the banking system
* Greater freedom of entry and exit in industrial and trading operations.
127
What loan was made to the GDR in 1983-4?
For example in 1983 and 1984 GDR received two loans amounting to 380 million DM due to its concessions in humanitarian and environmental issues.
128
Timothy Garton Ash
What was Ostpolitik?
Not reunification to detente but detente to reunification
129
Shaknazarov
The reunification of Germany does not contradict the interests of the Soviet Union. Suggested much could be gained by interaction with West Germany.
130
What was the Jackson-Vanik Bill?
A motion which safeguarded the right of Soviet jewry in exchange for trade benefits in the USSR.
131
What was the Reagan doctrine?
An attempt to halt the growth of the USSR in the Third World. Contras in Nicaragua, El Salvador and Philippines.
132
Who supports the Gorbachev factor, and why?
* Archie Brown - Gorbachev as central to reforms, ignored Third World struggles, 'Great Man' theory, economic, nationalities, political and foreign adaptation.
* Gorbachev engaged in a process of Novoe myslenie (new thinking)
133
What does Zubok suggest about the nature of Gorbachev's policy?
Gorbachev was limited in direction choices - could not go into arms race, 'beyond our capabilities'.
Did not act in elite interests - shunned by upper echelons of Russian society.
134
Show some internal shifts in soviet economic management during the 1980s signalling its potential demise
* Law on Cooperatives - cooperatives effectively operated as private companies - 1988
* Abolition of the departments of the Central Committee - 1988 - regulator of different sectors of the economy
* Legalisation - 1986 - permitted familial or individual enterprise.
135
How had national income changed between 1928 and 1986, how did this change under Brezhnev, what was the necessary growth required in the union to catch up with the US?
* 90x
* 6-7x
* 20-22% - to catch by 2000.
