Cold War New Flashcards

Question

Why did poor standers of living cause revolution

Answer 1

Several food shortages because Russians indroduced collective farming to Hungary Industrial workers paid poorly Industrial good were sent to USSR

Answer 2

The AVO(Russian secret police) used methods of terror to get rid of polical opponents Hungarians resented red army in their county Premsece of troops made a bad atmosphere and made people feel uneasy

Answer 3

November 1945-election held but communists losts 1947- laszlo rajik hanged because he was seen as too open minded and as a result control tightened 1947- rigged elections and communist took over and banned other partys 1948-Yugoslavia broke away frim soviet control and gave hope to Hungary 1949- living standards deterioted and leader of Catholic Church was Imprisoned 1953- stalin died and Khrushchev took over and imposed a policy if destalosation and relaxed controls of communism. Khrushcev ordered rakosi to order and reformed called imre nagy 195t- rakosi threw Nagy out of government 1956 - Hungarians demanded indpendence and began setting up revolutionary councils to demand further reforms June 1956- kh4ushchev gave Hungarians hope when he gave into polish rebellions and allowed reforms in Poland July 1956- rakosi sacked as he thought this would stop demand October 1956-imre Nagy made prime minster 4 November 1956- 200 000 soviet troops invaded Budapest to put down revolution and by end of the month had established a communist government under Janos Kadar 1958-imre Nagy execuepted as an example to those who rebelled

Answer 4

1957- soviet engineers stared building a rocket base of baykopyr 15 May 1957- tested first icbm October 1957- launched Sputnik satellite on r-7 rocket Novermebr 1957- launched Sputnik 2 and carried a dog called Laika September 1959-Luna 2 reaches the moon October 1959- pictured moon using Luna 3 12 April 1961- vostock rocket program sent yuri Gagarin into orbit on vostock 1 June 1963- first women in space Valentina Tereshkova March 1965- first space walk by alexei Leonor on vostock 2

Answer 5

1950s- ike einsenhowe pr announced program of space exploration 1955- announced plans to develop satellite January 1958- launched explorer 1 satellite July 1958- formation of nasa May 1961- Alan Shepard enter space a Kurd Mercury freeedom 7 February 1962- John glen orbited earth June 1965- ed white did space walk with Gemini 6 July 1969- Apollo 2 landed Neil Armstrong on moon 1970s apologists 14 achieved first us exploration of moon

Answer 6

Lack of support from USA as they wanted to avoid war Harsh actions and sheer strength of USSR Hungarian rebelled ahd mo weapons Lack of support from British or us and they were occupied by Egypt Terror tactics by USSR

Answer 7

Nagy arrested and executed Hard line communist set up under Janis kadar Seen as a military victory for Khrushchev Hungary returned to being pro communist USA was t able to roll back communism USSR look brutal and cruel

Answer 8

4000 Hungarians killed and 200000 fled to west Hungary returned to pro communist Hard line government set up under hands kadar Nagy execut3d

Answer 9

``` 200000 fled to west USA wasn’t able to roll back communism NATO got a poor reputuaoon USSR look brutal and cruel 1000s of people in uk communist party resigned West grew more afraid of USSR ```

Answer 10

Free elections and more than one party’s Industry and agriculture owned privately Employ workers and keep all profits Limits on government interference on people lives Freedom of speech and movement

Answer 11

Russia revolution of 1917 Capitalism vs communism USSR not included in gains of treaty of Versailles Arguments of land after Germany’s defeat

Answer 12

On 1st May 1960, 2 weeks before the Paris Summit, an American U2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union. The American pilot, Gary Powers, was captured by the Soviets and admitted to spying. The Americans did not know about Powers confession and tried to cover up by saying that the U2 plane had been studying weather conditions and had got lost! They didn‟t want to ruin the Paris Summit. Khrushchev then announced that they had Powers and that they knew the Americans were spying on them. He offered to attend the Paris Summit if Eisenhower apologised. Eisenhower refused to apologise because he argued he had a duty to protect America from a surprise attack. U2 flights were part of US defence strategy. Khrushchev then refused to attend the summit talks.

Answer 13

Gary powers arrested and put on trial and given 10 year sentence Seen as a propaganda victory for USSR Peaceful coexistence ended adm Khrushchev proved the us was spying Us put armed forces on alert as they expected retaliation. Thus led to rear entry of USSR and building of nuclear missile Paris summit meeting cancelled Brought China and USSR together Progress towards a solution was halted Acceleration of espionage Tension increased due to mistrust Eisenhower received critics fro their actions and blamed for the crisis

Answer 14

 It strengthened the position of the USSR as other satellite states did not dare challenge the authority of the Soviet Union in the years after the Hungarian Uprising.  It showed that peaceful co-existence had its limits. Khrushchev was not prepared to risk the security of the Soviet Union.  It marked a stalemate in the Cold War as the West showed they would not interfere with Soviet activities in Eastern Europe, even though Hungarians had appealed to the UN and Eisenhower for help during the uprising.

Answer 15

America became determined to win the space race and became increasingly suspicious of the Soviet Union.  American suspicion of the USSR led to the USA spying on the USSR. This triggered the U2 Crisis of 1960.  The launch of Sputnik increased the fear of a missile attack from space.  It became a symbol of the tension between the two countries and competition increased:

Answer 16

By 1960 both sides had enough nuclear weapons to destroy every living thing on earth. This became known as Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD). Although some argue the arms race deterred the USA and USSR from attacking each other, the arms race resulted in the two countries coming to the brink of war in 1962 during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The threat of nuclear war during the Cuban Missile Crisis led to an attempt at disarmament following the crisis.

Answer 17

It ended the Paris Summit and the progress towards a solution to the Cold War. It increased the mistrust between the two superpowers and placed American forces on alert, expecting some form of retaliation by the USSR. It ended the cooperation that had been associated with peaceful coexisten

Answer 18

Between 1945 and 1961, 2 million East Berliners crossed the border to live in West Berlin. Many of those were skilled or educated people whom the East needed. In 1961 at the Vienna summit, Khrushchev demanded Kennedy (the new President of America) give up Berlin, Kennedy refused. On 13th August 1961, Khrushchev then decided to make it impossible for East Berliners to travel to West Berlin by placing barbed wire between East and West Berlin; this was protected with machine guns. The wire was then replaced with a wall. This wall remained until 1989. The wall separated friends and family. Anyone trying to cross the wall was shot. More than 40 Germans were shot trying to cross into West Berlin in the first year.

Answer 19

 It was a propaganda victory for the USA but there was pressure on Kennedy to react by taking direct action. Kennedy did not want to go to war over Berlin, but he was concerned that he did not want to be seen as weak. This may have encouraged his reaction in the Cuban Missile Crisis.  In 1963 Kennedy visited Berlin and declared “Ich bin ein Berliner” promising to defend Berlin against the Soviets. This made the Soviets angry.  It showed the USA that Khrushchev could be just as cruel and brutal system as Stalin.  However in some ways it removed an area of conflict between the superpowers as the USA no longer feared a repeat of the Berlin Blockade (1948-49) and the USSR showed it was no longer committed to removing the West from Berlin. It also reduced the number of defectors

Answer 20

Number of people defecting from east to west reduced Khrushchev seen a aggressive USA could portray Khrushchev as a dictator Stabilised economy of east Germany’s Berlin’s problems have been reduced by the walk Kennedy crisised for not reacting in an agreesuve manner 136 died crossing Wall

Answer 21

USA and Cuban exiles invaded bay of pigs to overthrow Castro 1400 exiles landed there supported by us bombers Exiles faced 20000 Cuban troops supporting Castro

Answer 22

Exiles were easily defeated and those who weren’t killed were taken prisoner Kennedy defined involvement

Answer 23

11 sep USSR announces its military support to Cuba. Kennedy warned USSR to withdraw support to Cuba

Answer 24

 It was led by Fidel Castro. Castro had overthrown the pro- American government in Cuba and had announced he was a communist in 1961 following the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion by Cuban exiles .  Castro was allies with the USSR and had appealed to the USSR for help following the Bay of Pigs Invasion. (The Bay of Pigs was an attempt by Cuban exiles, supported by the USA, to overthrow Castro).  Khrushchev began to provide Cuba with weapons and missiles that could be used if America invaded.  Cuba was only 90 miles off the coast of America and having missiles on Cuba threatened American security. launched from Cuba could reach major American cities.

Answer 25

In 1959- pro us batista overthrown by communist Castro and introduced a soviet style government in Cuba 1960- Castro began to secretly receive military supplies from USSR Jan 1961-When USA found out about USSR support to Cuba they cut of diplomatic relations and secretly placed missiles in turkey as a precaution April 1961- land invasion of bay of pigs to try and overthrow Castro 1961- Cuba named a communist state 14 October 1962-u2 spy plane took photos of Cuba and saw missile bases 90 miles from Florida and could take out major us cities 22 October Kennedy anointed naval blockade 24 October soviet ships were tuned around 26 October krphrushchev sent letter to Kennedy and offered to revolve missile if Kennedy called of blockage and didn’t invade Cuba 27 October khrushcev sent second lteeer demand pigs Kennedy remove missile s from Cuba Kennedy ignored second letter and replied to first. Tony Khrushchev he accepted these term s and gave hims 2 days to replie other wise he will invade Cuba 28 octiner khrushev agreeded to Kennedy’s otter and removed missiles and privately Kennedy removed them from Turkey 3 novemenrr withdrawal of missiles started 20 novermber blockage called off

Answer 26

Free elections and more than one political party Industry and agriculture owned privately Employ workers and keep all profits Limits on government interference in people’s lives Freedom of speech and movement

Answer 27

The Bolsheviks (communist party) overthrow the tsarist regime and established first communist state A civil war broke out between communist and non communists USA, uk and France sent solider and resources to non communists and invaded the USSR which failed Differing value caused tension

Answer 28

Differing values cause a sense of mistrust Communist believed they were right and capitalist s believed they were right Communist thought capitalism was evil because it encouraged a divide between rich and poor through profit making USA beloved communist didn’t work because it didn’t a,low counties or India, experience the freedoms that they would have under a democracy

Answer 29

One party state Industry and agriculture owned by the government Classless society no I divas profit making Govenment comtrolled all aspects of people’s lives Censorship with restrictions on what could be said or written

Answer 30

USSR beloved Germany and its occupied land should be communist states and USA beloved it should be formed into independent democracies with free elections

Answer 31

,Ian powers were USA, uk and France Russia pulled out due to revolution at home Russia had already made peace with Germany so hand no benefit of ending the war USSR felt bitter as land they had given to Germany in 1917 wasn’t reclaimed and instead became park of Poland or distubued amounts allies They felt hard done by and feeling of hostile remainsd

Answer 32

Russian revolution Capitalism vs communism USSR not included in the gains of treaty of Versailles Arguments over what will happen to Germany’s land

Answer 33

Poland was divided - some supported communism and some thought they would have to turn communism in result for protection from the Nazis London poles - some members of polish government feared threat of communism and went to uk USSR sent shoulder to set up communism government in Poland - Lublin poles August 1944- London poles organised attack on Nazis in Warsaw- warsaw uprising- red army failed to interview amd support London poles Due to lack of support the Warsaw uprising was crushed and 30000 polish freedom fighter sent to German concentration camp s By 1945 red army had taken over Poland

Answer 34

Churchill- maintain Britain’s global empire and prestige Roosevelt - ensure world peace so us can rebuild connection with global economy p. He believed world peace apensured a depression would never happen again Stalin- guarantee soviet security against West. Wanted a buffer zone of communist states

Answer 35

Feb 1945 Declaration of liberated Europe- each county given an emergency govenemy with represntives from non faction groups. Free elections held Poland boarders alters so USSR gained land Lublin government expanded to include London poles British and us agreeded to give back 10000 pow however many were executed and imprisoned Germany split int o 4 zones USSR agreed to help in war against Japan in return for land UN set up War reperations collected from each zone

Answer 36

Feb - yalta agreement signed March- stalin refused London poles entry into polish government April - trueman replaced Roosevelt. Wanted to take a tougher line July- atlee replaced trueman. Potsdam and USA announced they were. Testing atomic bom

Answer 37

Allies to continue taming reperations Policy of denazificaom Stalin rejected us and uk attempts to have a greater say over east Europe German polish boarders drwn up near rivers Oder and Neisse Us rejected Stalin’s demand to have greater say over Germany’s rich zone and occupation in japan Final boarders of zones agreed Govenmtmy of Lublin poles created

Answer 38

June 1945 some London poles allowed in to Lublin government Jan 1947 rigged elections held and lib,in communists won majority Leader of London poles mikolajczyk fled Poland fearing his life Poland had no opposition so became communist

Answer 39

1945 red army enters Nov 1945 communist seized control and rigged elections held, communists won Sep 1946- communists abolished monarchy

Answer 40

194r red army set up a coalition government run by communist Feb 1045 soveiet poltican went against yalta agreement and ordered king to appoint a new pm chosen by stalin When king argued they intimidated him and put in place the pm 1947 monarchy abolished

Answer 41

Nov 1945 free elections held and communist lost Stalin ignored vote and imposed a strict communist government,t Aug 1947 rigged elections held. Communist won Nov 1947- non communist party’s banded and communist had complete control

Answer 42

2945- allowed a coalition government. Elections held and communists lost Elections held for May 1948 but communist afraid of losing so they seized power before Many non communist in government were arrested and murderd and many fled 1948 free lectures held and communist won

Answer 43

Concerned allies | Seemed as though the countries who fighter for freedom in ww2 from Nazis are now being controlled by another dictator

Answer 44

Seen by the west as the start of communism spreading | Led to iron curtain and policy of containment

Answer 45

Force the Japanese to surrender which it did | Send a warning to USSR about Military strength

Answer 46

``` 140 000 died in Hiroshima 74 000 died in Nagasaki Destroyed 60 percent of buildings Residential parts annihilated leaving survivors with nothing Bridges destroyed River polluted killing wildlife Devastated and area of 5 sq miles ```

Answer 47

Increased tension with USA Bomb makred betrayal of trust by USA and further split wartime alliance Showed that the USA had upper hand USA sent clear message arms race had began

Answer 48

Campaign for nuclear disarming - people alarmed by destruction and campaigned for countries to disarm Increase tension with USSR as sat,in was angry that trueman. Didn’t tell him

Answer 49

USA changed nature of warfare and showed that the treat if nuclear war was constant Many saw conflict as mutually assured destruction- both sides knew that they both had the power to strike back

Answer 50

6 August 1945 USA dropped atomic bomb on Hiroshima | 9 August 2945 dropped second bomb on Nagasaki

Answer 51

Khrushcev claimed he prevnted a us invatsion of Cuba Khrushcev critiqued by China for baking down from threats Khrushcev increase reputation as he gurentedd safety of communism and got rid of us missiles in Turkey Khrushev seen as peace maker as he made first move to comprise Kennedy increased repethaton as he avoided water and forced Khrushchev to back down Both realised how close to nuclear war they were so in June 1963 Stenio a telephone hot line. Both agreed to nuclear test ban

Answer 52

From 1948 to 1968 rules by movotny In jan 2969 movoyny was faced to resign by dudcek Dunces belived in a more relaxed versions of communism amc indroduced Prague spring reforms Brshenv was worries about Prague springs and thought it would encourage demands for more freedom 20 August 2969 soviets invaded and 100 killed. Troops attacked with homemade bombs During a protest jan patch set himself on fire

Answer 53

``` Powers of secret police curbed Completion encourage Free elections and opposition parties allowed to stand Less state involvement End of press sensor shop Plans to increase trade with west Increased standard of living Free sim to travel abroad Provision of basic human rights ```

Answer 54

100 died Dubcek removed and hard line communism formed under husak Prague springs reforms withdrew Hated of USSR increased Brezhnev doctrine introduced November 1969 and sent clear message to satellite states that they would use violence 250000 Czech people emigrated

Answer 55

1972 Nixon visited Moscow amd leader of China to improve relations May 1972 SALT 1 signed by USA and USSR 1972 USA withdrew from Vietnam war Brezhnev fisted Washington in 1974 Julu 1975 us astronaughts amd soviets shook hands in space Helsinki conference held in aug 1975- agreeded to respect human rights in European countries and USSR agreed to buy us grain in exchange for oil imports to the west