Cold War Chapter 1- Origina Of The Cold War 14941-58 (Year 10 EOY) Flashcards
When was NATO formed?
April 1949
What does ‘NATO’ stand for
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
What was NATO?
The members of NATO agreed that, if any member was attacked, al members of NATO would come to its assistance. NATO resulted in an ongoing American military presence in Europe throughout the Cold War, which has continued right up to the present day.
Who was the British foreign secretary and how did he play a part in the alliance of NATO?
The British foreign secretary, Ernest Bevin had played a major part in bringing about this alliance. He made a speech in January 1948 in the British parliament in which he said that European countries would welcome American involvement and called on other Western European countries to reach out to the USA.
What caused the formation of NATO?
Stalin’s threat to Berlin during the Berlin Blockade in June 1948 and the communist takeover in Czechoslovakia, which happened in February 1948, persuaded the Western powers that they needed a formal military alliance to protect themselves from the Soviet Union.
Which Western countries became a part of NATO?
USA, France, Britain and nine other Western countries
Who was the new president of the USA after Truman and when were they elected?
1952, took office in January 1953- Dwight Eisenhower
When did Nikita Khrushchev emerge as the effective ruler of the USSR?
1956
Why did the Hingarian Uprising occur?
During 1956, the people pf Hungary began to protests about their lack of political freedoms and problems created by fuel shortages and poor harvests. In October, there were riots in the capital, and police clashed with protestors.
What is the capital of Hungary?
Budapest
Who did Khrushchev decide to replace Rakoski with,
Imre Nagy
What reforms did Nagy put in place to result in the invasion of Hungary?
He believed that wirh a communist regime, rhere should still be personal freedoms. Within days Nagy announced a set of proposed reforms:
- He reorganised the governmenr ro include members of non-communist parties
- Released political prisoners
- Persuaded Khrushchev to withdraw Soviet troops from Hungary
What finally resulted on the invasion of Hungary?
On 1 November 1956, Nagy announced that Hungary would leave the Warsaw Paxt. Khrushchev could not allow this as if Hungary broke away from the Warsaw Pact, other Eastern European countries may follow. Subsuquently, the strategy of achieving security for the USSR with surrounding communist governments would be under threat . Khrushchev therefore ordered a Soviet invasion of Hungary.
When did the Hungarian invasion occur?
4 November 1956
How kany tanks rolled into budapest?
1000
How many Hungarians were killed during the invasion?
20000
What was the international reaction to the Soviet invasion of Hungary?
Since the US had offered financial aaid through the marshall Plan, people in Eastern Europe assumed they would he ready to help in alternate ways. Eisenhower was sympethetic to the Hungarians and some NATO nations took in refugees, but no military support was provided. The US policy of containment meant that while there may be a sistuation where the US would take military action to prevent the spread of cpmmunism beyond the satellite states, it was not prepared to interfere in the affairs of an existing communist country, pitentially resulting in a nuclear war, resulting in the destruction of both sides.
How many Soviet troops invade Hungary?
200000
When was Nagy executed?
In July 1958, the Hungarian Givernment announced that Nagy had been tried and executed. Khrushchev described his death as ‘a lesson to the leaders of all Socialist countries’
Who did Khrushchev replace Nagy with after a pro-communist government was set up?
Janos Kadar
Why did Khrushchev invade Hungary?
- To prevent the belief that he would lead a ‘softer’ apporach with the satellite countries after his reform of destalinisation
- To prevent other Eastern European countries from following
- To any threat tp Soviet security, acting as a protection from potential invasions
How did the Hungarian uprising impact international relations?
- Made Khrushchev’s position in the Soviet Union much more secure and gave him a stronger position pn the Warsaw Pact
- Members knew that if they reblled they would not be provided with military support from the US.
- The faliure of the uprising reflected poorly onnthe West as the y had encouraged communist countries to stand up to the Soviet Union
- US strongly opposed the invasion and the invasion thus soured relations between the two nations
When was the Truman Doctrine introduced?
March 1947
Why was the Truman Doctrine created?
- The spread of communism in Eastern Europe threatened US allies within Western Europe
- The USA had hoped that wealthier European countries, such as Britain, might be able to help rebuild Europe’s shattered economies. But, after six years of war, Britain was nearly bankrupt and aid to other countries was becoming impossible. When the British government announced in 1947 that it could no longer provide military support to the Greek government against communist guerrillas, President Truman decided it was time to take action.
What was the Truman Doctrine?
President Truman delivered a speech to the US Congress. The speech was officially given to announce an economic aid package to Greece and Turkey. Truman announced that the US would provide $400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey and sent American civilian and military personnel to the region. His ideas about communism and his belief of containment became known as ‘the Truman Doctine’ and signalled the beginnings of a new approach to international relations for the USA.
Why was the Truman Doctrine so significant?
- It marked an official change in policy away from isolationism, divided the world in terms of ideology and also showed that the Grand Alliance was finished
• Truman also made it clear that the US should try to contain communism which becomes central to American foreign policy in the post-war years (e.g. Korea and eventually Vietnam)
What was the practical outcome of the ‘Truman Doctrine’?
The Marshall Plan was a practical outcome of the Truman Doctrine: providing economic aid to help war-torn countries in order to stop communism from taking over in Western Europe. Between 1948 and 1952, the USA gave $12.7 billion dollars of aid, in addition to $13 billion already given by the USA before the Marshall Plan went into action. However, aid would only be provided to countries that traded with the US. Communism appealed to poor people who wanted money so USA gave European countries more money ‘bribing’ them in to staying capitalist
What were the impacts of the Truman Doctrine and Marshall plan of international relations?
• Any lingering belief that there was still a Grand Alliance was gone, as the USA had now set itself up in direct opposition to the communist Soviet Union - and invited other nations to join it.
• Stalin’s suspicions of the West were reinforced. He believed he now had evidence that the USA was trying to crush the Soviet Union through ‘dollar imperialism’
• The Marshall Plan successfully tied Western European countries into supporting the USA. As Stalin rejected it (and set up his own economic plan, Comecon - see below), Europe was now divided into two economic and political camps.
What was the Warsaw Pact and when was it formed?
In 1955 the Soviet Union formed an equivalent communist defensive military alliance - the Warsaw Pact.
Why was the Warsaw Pact formed?
When the German Federal Republic (West Germany) was allowed to join NATO in May 1955, Stalin’s fears were increased. Now there was a real danger of an armed and powerful Germany on the borders of Soviet-controlled Eastern Europe. Within a week of West Germany joining NATO, the Soviet Union formed an equivalent communist defensive military alliance - the Warsaw Pact.
Who were the members of the Warsaw Pact?
The members were the Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania and the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). These countries became known as the ‘Eastern bloc’.
