Cold War And Elizabeth Flashcards
1
Q
Problems facing Elizabeth at the start
A
Legitimacy
Marriage
Religion
Foreign powers
Money
2
Q
Legitimacy
A
Not everyone accepted Elizabeth’s legitimacy, instead Mary queen of scots was the legitimate Queen
3
Q
Marriage
A
Woman seen as lower than men so many people said that she should marry
4
Q
Religion
A
In 1558, country was divided between catholic and protestants
5
Q
Foreign powers
A
England was weak compared to others
6
Q
Money
A
Crown was £300,000 in debt when she took the throne
7
Q
Act of supremacy
A
Made Elizabeth the head of the church of England
8
Q
Act of uniformity
A
Established the appearance of churches and the form of service they had
9
Q
Challanges to the religious settlements categories
A
Puritans- radical protestants
Catholics
Foreign powers
10
Q
Challanges to the religious settlement (puritans)
A
Problems with the use of crucifixes and vestments. Elizabeth had to accept defeat (back down) over thr crucifix but majority of priests consented about vestments
11
Q
Challanges to the religious settlement (catholic)
A
The pope instructed everyone not to attend church services. Many of the english nobility in the North did this and this led to the revolt of the Northern Earls
12
Q
Challanges to the religious settlement (foreign powers)
A
Leading catholic powers (france and spain) were a threat to Elizabeth’s settlement. A religious war broke out in France- might threaten Eliz position and Spain’ military presence in the netherlands during Dutch revolt was another threat
13
Q
Problem with Mary queen of scots
A
Many catholics saw her as the ligitimate Queen. (Came to England because of the protestant revolt of the scotish nobles after sus death of her husband). Eliz unsure what to do with her so kept her under captivity
14
Q
The revolt of the Northern Earls 1569 (Causes)
A
Northern nobility remained catholic. Their influence was reduced under Eliz and disliked her ‘favourites’
15
Q
The revolt of the Northern Earls 1569 (The Plan)
A
Northumberland and Westmorland would raise and army. Would march to join the duke of Norfolk’s forces. Several thousand Spanish troops would support. Mary would be freed, married to duke of norfolk and placed on the throne
16
Q
The revolt of the Northern Earls 1569 (Main events)
A
Nov 1659- Northumberland and Westmorland land a rebellion called revolt of the Northern Earls. Took Durham cathedral and celebrated a full catholic mass
17
Q
The revolt of the Northern Earls 1569 (Outcome)
A
Most nobles stayed loyal to Eliz, by 24 of november they retreated. Prompted harsher treatment against catholics. Pope expelled her from the Church.
18
Q
Eliz and Dutch revolt
A
Wanted to support dutch rebels but wantes to avoid war. Allowed rebels to take shelter in English ports, took money from spanish ships and provided finacial help to rebels. Robert Dudley led failed military expeditions in netherlands. Treaty of nonsuch signed in support of rebels
19
Q
Ridolfi plot 1571
A
Robert ridolfi- pope’s spies. Wanted to murder Eliz and put Mary on the throne. Cecil intercepted a letter about their plan and executed Norfolk. Reinforced threat posed by Mary and Spain and tried to improve relations with Frace
20
Q
Throckman plot 1583
A
Duke of guise to invade and overthrow Eliz. Throckman acted as a go between. Walsingham uncovered the plot. Throckman tortured and executed. Reinforced threat from Spain and Mary. Harsher laws set for catholics
21
Q
Babington plot 1586
A
Duke of guise again invade, catholics encouraged to rebel. Babington wrote to mary about plot. Walsingham intercepted letters, deciphered the codes, babington and accomplices executed. Eliz government determined to crush catholicism, Mary tried by Privy council a d sentenced to Death, executed on feb 1587
22
Q
Why was Mary executed
A
Act of preservation of the Wueen’s safety allowed her to be put on trial. Walsingham provided clear evidence that she was involved with the plots. Rumours of an attack from spain reinforced threat of Mary
23
Q
Significance of Mary’s execution (Eliz)
A
Was very upset but shows her new harsh treatment of catholics. Important threat removed
24
Q
Significance of Mary’s execution (Catholics)
A
Angered by the execution, they have now lost their hope of a Catholic Monarch
25
Significance of Mary's execution (Spain)
Already bad, made even worse by execution. Gives phillip ll more reason to remove Eliz
26
Relationship with Spain (Political and Religious rivalry)
Eliz refused phillip offer of marriage
Phillip saw himself as leading catholic monarch, Eliz is protestant and treats catholics bad which creats peoblems between them
English support for Dutch rebels
27
Relationship with Spain (Commercial Rivalry)
English merchants challanged Spain's dominance of the new world
Many attacked Spamish ships and ports
Francis Drakw most famous privateer- stole large amounts from Spain
28
Drake and the raid on Cadiz
Drake sailed into Cadiz harbour and destroyed 30 Spanish ships. England knew that Spain was preparing for an attack and this delayed their preperations and gave English more time
29
Reasons for Armada defeat
English Galleons- quicker, able to carry more guns
English cannons- reloaded more quickly
Spanish supplies- poor quality
Unreliable communications
English tactics- 6x more firepower and fireships
Spanish poor leadership and tactics
Weather was bad for Spain
30
Consequences for Armada's defeat
Great propaganda victory
"God blew, and they were scattered"- importance of religious vicotry. God on their side
Boost for English pride
Dutch rebels encouraged to renew their fight
Strength and skill of English navy
Costed Spain alot
31
Education (Poor)
No formal education. Learned from familes and needes to bring in a wage for the family
32
Education (Well off)
Boys = petty schools age 4-8 (reading,writing and maths). Grammar schools age 8-14 (Latin, Greek, French, History, Archery, Wrestling, Chess and running)
Girls= Dame schools or educates by mothers at home (reading, writing, maths, music, dancing, horse riding)
33
Education (Upper Class)
Boys= private tutors until early teens. Univeristy (oxford or cambridge) from 14 or 15 trained lawyers
Girls= private tutor until early teens. Sent to noble household to complete education. Made useful social contact and pefected skills
34
Sports, pastimes and theatre (depended on social position)
Nobility- hunting, hawking, fishing, fencing, real tennis
Working people- football, very violent ans had no rules as such
Spectator sports- bear-baiting, cock-fighting, gambling
Theatre- popular with all classes. New plays, purpose built theatres. Protestantism led to the development of new plays
35
Poverty (reason for increase)
Vagabondage = homeless
Increases population
Rising food prices
Sheep farming and enclosure fields- less people employed in farms
More people moved to city for work
Internation problems like a Dutch revolt affected trade
36
Poverty (policies towards the poor)
1563 Statue of Artificers- to collect poor relief money, more harsh treatment of beggars. Poor releif was financial help for very poor
1572- Vagabonds act- to deter vagrancy. Beggers sent to houses of correction
1576 poor relief act- to help able bodied people find work. Elderly and sick given alms houses to live in
Poverty remained a proglem throughout Eliz reign. Recognised that unemployment was a problem that needed solving
37
Opinions about poverty
Different levels of poverty and acceptance of reasons of poverty.
Impotent poor (deserving poor)- unable to work and not their fault- recieved more sympathy
Able poor (idle poor)- able to work but not willing to do so- treated harsher
38
What led Elizabethans to explore? (Politics)
Wars with Spain had hit trade hard
Rivalry with Spain for naval dominance
Drake targeting Spanish ships
Massive rewards for exploring
Financial rewards increased power and control
39
What led Elizabethans to explore? (Economics)
War with spain disrupted wool and cloth trade- needed new markets
Massive rewards
Trans-Atlantic slave trade
North-West passage
40
What led Elizabethans to explore? (New technology)
Quadrant/Astrolabe- new navigation
Maps/printing- Mercator map more accurate and printing meant they were used by more people
Ship design- Galleons were quicker, mor pe manoevrable, more cargo space, more fire power
41
What led Elizabethans to explore? (Better ships)
Ship design improved making longer journeys possible
Galleons were larger and more stable/faster and more firepower
42
What led Elizabethans to explore? (Other factors)
Sense of adventure
Role of individuals like Drake and Hawkins
43
Drakes circumnavigation on the world (why did he do it)
Economic opportunities in the New World, to challenge spanish domination, revenge for Spanish defeat in 1567-8
44
Drakes circumnavigation on the world (Positives)
Raided Spanish ships, gethered lots of useful information about Americas, Local native Americans treated the English with great hospitality
45
Drakes circumnavigation on the world (Negatives)
Lost 4 out of 5 ships
Disagreements and reblions during the voyage (mutiny)
46
Drakes circumnavigation on the world (Significance)
Massive return for investors. Drake very wealthy and famous. Encouraged English colonies to be established in America. Destroyed Anglo-Spanish relations
47
Why was establishing a colony in Virginia seen as important?
A base to attack Spanish colonies from
A base for privateering
It acts as an example for future colonies
England would no longer need to rely on Europe for trade
North Americas could choose English traders over Spanish ones
48
Raleigh's preperation for the colony:
Given a grant to explore America
Fact finding mission in 1584
Used positive reports to persuade people to move to the colony- convinced them that they would be rich
Manteo and Wanchese helped with the language
Invested his own money, promised investors shares of his profits
49
Reasons for the failure of virgina
There were two attempts; 1585-6 and the infamous 'lost colony' of 1587-90
50
Why did the virginia colony fail?
Vital supplies were damaged on the journey
Difficulty hunting
Wrong mix of people
Left too late to plant crops
Problems with Native Americans
51
Second attempt at colony began in 1587
Manteo was made Lord Roanoke and John White in overall charge
Experienced many problems
Sognificant hostility from Native tribes
1590 he found the colony deserted
Only clue was the word 'Croatoan' carved into a post
52
Tehran conference
Agreed about spheres of influence
Western allies agreed to lauch attack on d day
Stalin thought the western allied delibertely delayed D day
53
Yalta conference
Mostly agreements to do with what happenes after war
Russia to help usa best japa
Eork for democracy in europe
Un set up
Disagreed abiut definition of democracy
54
Potsdam conference
Mostly agreements do with Germany
Ban nazi
Reduce size of germany
Divide germany and berlin into 4 zones
Truman didmt tell stalin about atomic bomb
55
Usa democracy
Capitalism
56
Ussr democracy
Comunism
57
Stalin was paranoid about
Protecting the ussr and wanted to create a buffer zone
58
Alliance was paranoid about
Communism spreading. Churchill iron curtain speech led to further fears of threst from communism
59
Nuclear bombs
Usa had them first and when used on japan the ussr were conceerned and made one themselfs
60
Telegrams
The long and novikov telegram showed neither side rrusted eachother and viewed eachother as enemies
61
What did stalin do to the elections
Rigged them in the communism favour e.g poland
62
COMIMFORM
Its job was to keep the satelite states focused on communism and allowed them to follow rules from moscow
63
COMECON
Direct competition with marshall plan. Gives economical aid to satelite states
64
NATO formed in 1949
If one country got attacked everyone would attack it
65
USSR kept Germany...
Weak, took lots of industrail equipment
66
USA and Britain wanted Germany to be...
Stronger to prevent communism spreading west, usa and britsin merged zones to mske bizonia and then trizonia
67
Berlin was in east germany
This is a problem as west berkin was a pocket of capitalism in the soviet zone
68
Key features of the Berlin blockade
Stalin wanted the west allies to leave berlin so he made a military blockade
West didnt give in and sent supplys to west through air
69
How did the blockade dhange relations for superpowers
Made stalin look aggressive
West won a propoganda victory
70
What were nato and warsaw pact
Nato is an alliance where if one member got stracked all members would defend. The warsaw pact is a military alliance that tied eastern countries closer to moscow
71
Arms race key features
Arm race began between superpowers to build bigger and more destructive weapons
Both countries wanted to be better than the other and have more bombs and better ones
72
Soviet control of eastern europe key features
People were unhappy
Communism forced on people
No other political parties allowed
No freedom of speech
Standard life was low
73
Why did people expect improvements after stalins death
Krushchev seemed more moderate
Spoke about peaceful co-existence
Krushchev withdrew soviet trops from austria
Attacked stalin and began a program of de-stalinisation
Still wanted a firm grip on europe
Set up warsaw pact
74
Why dis protests start in budapest
Hungarians wanted to get rid of rakosi (mini stalin)
Replaced with imre nagy
Nagy set up new government including non communist
Free elections
Hungary's withdrawal from warsaw pact
75
Why and how did soviet crush hungarian uprising
Krushchev could not afford to let hungry break free as others might do the same
Invaded hungry
Nagy executed
76
How did the west react to the hungry uprising
Called the west for help, spoke against it but did nothing
Didnt want to start a war
77
Why did krushchev want allies out of berlin
Many people escaped from east B to west B
Most refugees were well educated
Propaganda disaster- probed people preffered to be in a capatalist system
78
Geneva summit
Nothing agreed but laid the ground work for future discussions
79
Camp david summit
Withdrew the six month ultimatum to withdraw troops
Agreed on another meeting
80
Six month ultimatum
Created to get allies to withdraw troops from berlin
81
Paris summit
American us spy plane was shot down
Krushchev stormed out because Eisenhower only agreed to a suspension in spy plane flights instead of a full ban
82
Vienna conference
Kennedy replaced Eisenhower
Krushchev tried putting pressure by renewing the call on us troops to leave berlin
Kennedy in respsonse increased us defences
Stalemate over Berlin
83
Why did krushchev build the birlin wall
Krushchev thought kennedy could be pushed around
On 12 august, contruction began
Wall remained in place until november 1989
84
Impact of berlin wall
It stopped east germans escaping to west
Krushchev looked strong but didnt have to fight a war
Wall became powerful symbol of communist strength
Symbol of cold war division of europe
85
How did Kennedy respond
Couldnt do much. "Wall is better than a war"
Went to berlin and made a speech demonstrating his sympathy for their difficulties "i am a birliner"
Ordered increases in US defence budget
86
Why did kennedy order bay of pigs invasion
Fidel castro seized power in cuba
He took US firms which stopped us aid
Traded sugar with soviets
Fidel confirmed he was communist
Usa alarmed that there was a communist country 90 miles away
87
Why did bay of pigs invasion fail
1,400 cuban exiles with cia support landed invasion
All either killed or captured
88
How did tension grow between superpowers because of arms race
Arms race a way to show benefits of communism
He launched spitnik- forst satelite
Hethe first person into space
Built more and more weapons
Ussr first country to test ICBM
89
Why did krushchev build missile bases on cuba
Soviet union saw castro as an important ally, cuba close to US
Soviets losing arms race so krushchev needed to restore nuclear balance
US had nuclear missiles in turkey
90
How did kennedy respond to cuban missiles
Discussed a number of option:
1. Luach a nuclear strike on missile sites in cuba
2. Launch a full scale invasion
3. Impose a naval blockade
Soviet missiles being so close outrsged US public
He needed to score a bictory or else iussr would challange american power elsewhere
91
How did the crisis develop
Greatest threat of nuclear war
Kennedy blockaded cuba
High slert levels
Hawks demanded agressive approach, doves more diplomatic
Secret deal made between usa and ussr
Usa would remove missiles in turkey and ussr from cuba
92
What were the immidiate consequences of the cuban missile crisis
Telephone "hot line" established, made it easier for usa and ussr to communicate
Idea of peaceful co existence reinforced
Nuclear test ban treaty banjed nuclear tests
Begining of détente- relaxation of tension
Suggested that Us and ussr should focus on commen interests
Us agreed to sell grain to usa
93
Long term consequences of cuban missile crisis
Soviets increases their production of long range missiles
Krushchev replaced by breznev- a tougher leader
France left nato and produced nuclear missiles
Superpwers begwn speaking more about mutually assured destruction due to so many nukes
94
Czechoslovakia- what were there opposition to sobiet control
Communism forced upon them
No other political parties were permitted
The communist party censired media
Living standards poor
95
Alexander Dubcek's ideas of socialism with a human face
Dubcek replaced unpopular novotny
Wanted to mske communism more popular
Introduced reforms known as prague spring
96
Prague spring ideas
Press cenship was abolished
Opposition froups allowed snd criticism of governemnt was permitted
More power given to regional governemnt
More power goven to czech parliament
Changes made to economy
97
How did brezhnev react to prague spring
Brez was a friend but couldnt allow this as it would wesken soviet control
Brezhnev doctrine- if a communsit country was going towards capatalism, other countries should stop it
Launched a full scale invasion
Dubcek said to not to respond with violence
Signed moscow protocal turning eveything back to normal
98
International reaction to czechoslovakia
Usa in vietnam war
Condemned but gave no help
99
Eastern european resction to cxechoslovakia
No formal protests
Romania and yugoslavia made alliances with china to distance thrmselfs further from soviets
100
Detente meaning
Relaxation. Used to describe the period between 1967-1979 when tensions were more relaxed
101
Key features of detente
1967 outer space treaty
1968 nuclear non proliferation treaty
Salt 1
Helsinki agreement on human rights
102
Outer space treaty 1967
Superpowers pledged not to place nukes in outer space
103
Nuclear non proliferation 1968
Superpowers guaranteed not to supply nuclear tech to other countries
104
Salt 1
Limited increase of ICBMs and SLBMs
There woukd be a fice year delay on more missile production
105
Helsinki agreement on human rights
Guaranteed the respect of human rights including the freedom of thought
106
Key features of Kabul revolution
New government in afghanistan became ally of soviet union
Muslim leaders opposed this and assasinated the new government
107
Why did soviets invade afghanistan
Breznev wanted the oil rich middle east
Wanted afghanistan to be commmunist
Karmal offered a pro soviet government if they invaded
108
Why did afghanistan invasion end detente
CIA provided weapons and funds to the islamic group fighting against communism
Exports of us grain stopped to ussr
Usa refused to ratify salt II
Usa boycotted the olympic games
109
Why was there a new cold war?
Reagan becsme president and made a speech on the "evil empire"
Ussr was weak
110
How did reagans SDI affect relations
Resgan announced star wars, strategic defence initiative (SDI)
Find a way to shoot doen soviet missiles using lasers
Went against outer space tresty
Stopped high tech exports to usa
Soviets coudlnt reseaech since no money, made them weak
111
What contrabution did Gorbachev make
Soviet economy was bankrupt- couldnt supply communism world wide and compete with usa at the same time
Economic system inefficient
Chernobyl became symbol of crisis for soviets
112
Gorbachevs new thinking
Perestroika- to make economy more efficient
Glasnost- more freedom
113
Why did Gorbachev and reagan want to end cold war
Couldnt carry on the arms race
Reagan meeded to cut military expenditure
114
Geneva summit
No agreements made but a willing to change
115
Reyjavik meeting
Allowed both leaders to test eachother and find their limits
116
Washington meeting
The intermediate range nuclear force treaty signed
117
The INF treaty
Got rid of all medium range missiles
First treaty to reduce number of nukes
INF most dramatic step taken towards nuclear disarment
118
Why did gorbachev sign INF treaty
Soviets economy was desperate
Made trade easier
Created trust between both superpowers
119
What led to the collapse of communism in eastern europe
Economics
Warsaw pact
120
Economics
The eastern block countries were heavily reliant on COMECOM for their survival
Gotbachev abandoned it meaning old regimes wouldnt be able to survive
121
Warsaw pact
Gorbachev refused to use soviet or warsaw pact forces to control E. europe
Withdrew troops from E. europe
Comunist rule collapsed
Berlin wall tore down
122
What led to the fall of the soviet union
Many senior members of the communist party blamed gorbachev reforms for the break up of the eastern block
Gang of eight organised a coup to remove gorbavhev
Gorbavhev resigned and announced the dissolution of the soviet union
