COGS 110 Final Flashcards
Thinking
going beyond the information given
Reasoning
drawing a conclusion based on some given information in accordance with boundary conditions specified by a task
Deductive Reasoning
Top down -test or confirm general statements -if;then;but;therefore
Inductive reasoning
bottom up approach -detect patterns -makes broad generalizations from specific observations
Formal Reasoning tasks
-all premises are supplied in the problem -problems are self-contained -there is typically one correct answer -unambiguous when the problem is solved -content of the problem is of limited, academic interest -problems are often solved for their own sake
Formal Reasoning
-Form of argument matters -logical -considered hallmark of mature and scientific thinking -piaget: hallmark of formal operational stage
Inductive Inferences
Depends on the number of observations and the nature of the property being projected
Analogical Reasoning
Understanding new problems in terms of familiar ones -ignore superficial similarities and focusing on underlying parallel relationships -piaget suggested that analogical reasoning didnt emerge until adolescence
Analogical Reasoning is impacted by:
Age Knowledge Meta cognition
Syllogistic Reasoning
logical connections between unrelated points -according to piaget, did not develop until concrete operational stage
Scientific Thinking
Thinking in terms of abstractions or symbols, being able to think about many variables or dimensions at the same time, being able to think in terms of probabilities and proportions
Bayesian reasoning
making decisions under uncertainty
Theories of Language Acquisition
Nativist Theories (Chomsky) Constructivist Theories (Tomasello)
Nativist Theories
-Chomsky -children born with innate kanguage skills (universal grammar) -Language Acquisition Device (LAD): hypothetical brain mechanism
Constructivist Theories
-Tomasello -kids acquire language through interaction with the environment, people, and usage of other cognitive and social processes
Beginning of cooperative communication
10-12 months -infants use joint attention ot communicate -often point to things
Theories of word learning
statistical learning social learning
Halophrase
one unit utterances with intonation and communicative purpose
Evidence for nativist theory (language is innate)
-novel phrases -children dont make certain grammatical errors -errors they do make are not likely learned —-but have not found LAD in brain
Evidence for behaviorist approaches: language is reinforced
-kids correct their mistakes -much learning is through association BUT kids generally correct their own errors, even without feedback
Innteractionist aprroach
language is both biological and social -kids are motivatied to learn lang through a desire to communicate with others
relationship between language and thought
symbolic function
Linguistic relativity hypothesis
language shapes and may even determine the way people of a certain culture perceive and understand the world
Cryptotypes
semantic differences were caused by the differences between each languages’ grammatical form classes -we dont think about them but they represent how we think about the world - Not a formal rule, but just something that you don’t say Ex: un — uncover, uncoil. But you don’t say unbreak
Sociolect
the way we see the world may be influenced by the kind of lang we use -the lang used primarily by members of a particular social group -emphasis on the social context of language
Colors viewed in ___ will be MORE affected by language because of influence of language areas of the brain
RVF language is in Left
Discrimination of within-category colors in the ___ will be faster because there is less language influence
LVF processed by the right hemisphere
specificity hypothesis
linguistic input is a cue to pay attention to certain pieces of info cognitive development is related to semantic development
Contronym
a word with two opposite meanings
mentalese
“The hypothetical language of thought, or representation of concepts and propositions in the brain, in which ideas, including the meanings of words and sentences, are couched.”
Current views of age-related differences on deductive reasoning tasks suggest that these changes are the result of:
changes in inhibition and memory, specifically working memory capacity and the availability and efficiency of the retrieval of long-term memory
Current definitions of scientific thinking include:
hypothesis testing thinking in terms of statistics and probabilities recognizing multiple variables at the same time
Which theory claims that all learning is the result of reward for correct speech and punishment for incorrect speech?
Behaviorism
The most popular current developmental theory describes influeces on child development in terms of _______ perspective
a dynamic systems or interactionist perspective
Johnathon has begun to display temper tantrums whenever he is not allowed to have his way. A developmental psychologist is most likely to call on _______ to provide the most effective way to understand and explain Jonathan’s behavior.
a theory
Today, most psychologists would agree that _______________ contribute to a certain degree to different aspects of development
both nature and nurture
Dr. Jefferson has written a book for parents entitled “How to Toilet Train Your Child Quickly and Easily.” She instructs parents to give the child a small gift each time he/she uses the toilet successfully. This technique for toilet training is most obviously influenced by a ______ approach to development.
behaviorist learning theory
Each time Tommy hits his sister, his mom punishes him with a time-out and he is not allowed to play with his toys. According to behaviorist learning theory, the time-out is a type of _______ punishment and is most likely to result in _______
Negative punishment results in a decrease of Tommy’s behavior
Duane went to see a karate movie. Now he moves around his house attempting to kick his siblings. Duane’s behavior is easily explained by the process of ____________
observational learning
Kevin, who lives with his mother and father, is 4 years old. When he visits a preschool friend, he expects that family to have both a mother and a father in the household as well. Kevin has established a ________ for what makes up a family
schema
When Marissa’s infant gets an object in her hand, she puts it in her mouth and trues to suck it. Marissa’s infant is _________ new objects into her sucking schema
assimilating
Hugo was called on by his teacher to recite a poem that the class has been studying for several days. Prior to class, he had rehearsed the poem over and over. How Hugo was able to remember and recite the poem would be of great interest to a _______ theorist
information-processing theorist
Lucia is an adolescent who is very concerned about who she is and what she will become in the future. Lucia’s search for her identity is a primary concern in _______ theory of development
Erikson’s psychosocial theory
In this psychological approach, gene/gene interaction, gen/environment interaction, and crucially, the process of ontogeny (pre- and post-natal development) are all considered to play a vital role in how the brain progressively sculpts itself and how it gradually becomes specialized over developmental time.
Neuroconstructivism
The major theoreitcal approaches that have placed greatest emphasis on describing development in terms of discontinuous stages are _____ and ______ theories
Piagetian and psychosocial theories
Ricky lives on a farm and frequently feeds the ducks that swim in a pond near his house. Recently he found duck eggs that had been abandoned by the mother duck and brought them home to hatch. He kept them warm, and when they hatched, Ricky was the first thing the ducks saw. Since then, the ducklings follow Ricky everywhere around the farm. The ducks follow Ricky because they:
they have become imprinted to him
Linda had difficulty learning to read when she began formal schooling. This was most probably because her parents did not like to read and did not own any books. According to the bioecological model of development, problems at the level of the ___ were responsible for her reading difficulties.
microsystem
In Pavlov’s research, dogs learned that the sound of a metronome predicted the arrival of food, so the dogs salivated at the sound of the metronome. In this research, the metronome is the _____________ and salivation in response to the metronome is the ___________.
conditioned stimulus conditioned response
. Whenever baby Colin cries, his mother gives him a pacifier. This stops Colin from crying. In turn, this makes Colin’s mother give him a pacifier more often. In this example, getting a pacifier serves as a _______ reinforcer for Colin. Colin stopping crying is a _______ reinforcer for his mother.
positive negative
Fatima is a new student on campus. Everywhere she goes, she is asked for her 12-digit student number. To memorize her new student number, she thinks of it as three different years. Fatima is using __________ to improve her memory.
chunking
Classical conditioning usually involves ______behavior, while operant conditioning usually involves more complicated, behavior.
reflexive spontaneous
_________ receive messages from other cells, and at their opposite end there is a long extension called a(n) ________ which carries the messages.
dendrites axon
Toby moved with his family just before he entered fourth grade. In ecological systems theory, the move represents a change in Toby’s _______ and _______
mesosystem and exosystem
Larry was daydreaming and only partly paying attention the day that his first-grade teacher first taught the math lesson that 5 + 5 = 10. Later, Larry was not able to recall this information, probably because:
he never encoded it
Children with _____ often show a lack of empathy and are delayed at passing passing TOM taks when compared to age and IQ matched controls or kids with down syndrome
ASD
What brain regions are involved in the TOM network
the right and left tempro-parietal junction, medial prefrontal cortex and superior temporal sulci
. Rhonda, a 5-year-old, is given a false belief test. She is told that Sally put a marble in a basket. While Sally was out of the room, Anne moved the marble to a box. What is Rhonda most likely to respond when asked where Sally will look for her marble?
in the basket
According to Meltzoff, when imitating the actions of another person, a baby is recognizing that the imitator is “like me” based on ____________
structural contingency
Research on the development of empathy that has found that people who rate_______ in empathy are more likely to nonconsciously imitate the ________
emotional expressions of others
Evidence for the role language in passing TOM tasks comes from: (3) reasons
-Kids with ASD require much higher verbal ability to pass TOM taks that typically developing kids or kids with intellectual disabilities -deaf kids of hearing and non-signing parents are delayed on TOM tasks whereas deaf kids of deaf, signing parents are not delayed -exposure to mental state language improves kid’s performance on TOM taks
Social Referencing
intentional search for information about others’ feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events
Some research for individuals with ASD has found differences relative to controls in ________
physical size of the brain
What do kids use to reason about whether an object is animate or inanimate?
=whether the object has face-like features -whether the object makes sounds that are contingent on social cues -whether the object engages in goal-directed action
What evidence supports Theory Theory as opposed to Simulation Theory
The salience of our own mental state info influences our judgements of other people’s mental states
TOM is best defined as the ability to
attribute mental states(beliefs, desired and intentions) to oneself and others, and the knowledge that these mental states may differ between onself and others
18 month olds will imitate the surface features of actions performed by ______ and the goal of the actions performed by _______ (even if the goal wasnt accomplished in modeling)
surface feature actions of inanimate objects goals of animate objects
What predicts how well a child will do on TOM tasks later in life? (2)
infants attention to intentional actions at 10-12 months AND their exposure to mental state language
In the not-own-desire task, Repacholi and Gopink (1997) found that 14 month olds reason ____ but 18 month olds understand that the experimenter may have _________
egocentrically 18 moth olds understand that the experimenter may have desires different than the infant’s own
Eight-month-old Elisha’s crib is located near a large mirror on her dresser, yet Elisha barely ever stops to look at herself in the mirror. On the other hand, her 18-month-old sister, Amanda, stops regularly to gaze at herself as she walks around near the full-length bathroom mirror. What is the likely reason that Amanda looks at the mirror but Elisha does not?
Amanda has developed self-awareness or knowledge of herself, but Elisha has not.
e Active Intermodal Mapping (AIM) theory of imitation
There is a dedicated, innate imitation mechanism that transforms visual input from a model into a supramodel representation as a set of bodily relations. Then in a goal-directed selection process, this supramodel representation is compared with proprioceptive feedback from the observer’s motor output, and also encoded as a set of bodily relations. The closest match of the first representation are favored for future production.
Active Intermodal Mapping
