Cognitive Studies

Question 1

Bartlett Aim

Answer 1

Investigate how memory is affected by previous knowledge (cultural schemas)

Question 2

Bartlett Procedure

Answer 2

Repeated reproduction & Serial reproduction of Native American Legend by British participants

Question 3

Bartlett Findings

Answer 3

No difference between recall method. Over time stories became shorter and more conventional: details were unconsciously changed to fit norms of the British culture.

Question 4

Bartlett Conclusion

Answer 4

Memory was distorted and changed in order for it to make sense and fit their cultural schema’s

Question 5

Martin & Halverson Aim

Answer 5

Investigate role of gender schema on children’s memory recall ability

Question 6

Martin & Halverson Procedure

Answer 6

Kindergartner’s were shown pictures of activities that consistent or inconsistent with gender role schemas (such as girl holding doll or hammer). A week later, their recall was tested on which gender was performing the activities in the pictures.

Question 7

Martin & Halverson Findings

Answer 7

Children had distorted memories of pictures that were not consistent with gender role schemas. In addition, they were more confident and demonstrated less distortion of memory when pictures were consistent with gender role schema.

Question 8

Martin & Halverson Conclusion

Answer 8

Stereotypes affect both encoding and retrieval of information

Question 9

Milner & Corkin Aim

Answer 9

Understand the effects of hippocampus removal surgery on cognitive abilities

Question 10

Milner & Corkin Procedure

Answer 10

Case study: Psychometric testing, Direct observation of behaviour, Interviews with HM & family members, Cognitive testing (memory recall and mirror drawing), MRI

Question 11

Milner & Corkin Findings

Answer 11

HM could not acquire new episodic and semantic knowledge. He was able to remember his house and draw a floor plan of his new house. He was able to carry normal conversations. He remembered and showed improvement in procedural memories.

Question 12

Milner & Corkin Conclusion

Answer 12

Memory systems are complex. Hippocampus played a significant role in transferring STM to LTM. LTM contains different stores for spatial, procedural, episodic and semantic memory.

Question 13

Warrington & Shallice Aim

Answer 13

Understand the effects of brain damage on cognitive abilities

Question 14

Warrington & Shallice Procedure

Answer 14

Longitudinal Case study: Observation and cognitive testing

Question 15

Warrington & Shallice Findings

Answer 15

KF forgot words and numbers that were orally presented to him. However, he could remember them if presented visually and was able to recall cats meowing and phones ringing

Question 16

Warrington & Shallice Conclusion

Answer 16

STM has separate components for visual and auditory information (visuospatial sketchpad & phonological loop)