Cognitive Pysch Content

Question 1

Who created the multi store model of memory?

Answer 1

Atkinson and Shiffrin

Question 2

What is the multi store model of memory ?

Answer 2

The multi store model of memory is a 2 process model of memory, showing how information flows through the 2 stores: short term and long term memory

Question 3

Briefly describe the parts of the mutli-store model of memory

Answer 3

There are 3 types of memory: sensory memory, short term memory and long term memory.
Sensory memory is put into the short term memory which is rehearsed from the short term memory into the long term memory.

Question 4

What is encoding?

Answer 4

Information is learnt by relating it to past knowledge into the LTM

Question 5

What is retrieval?

Answer 5

Retrieval is information that can be taken from the LTM and put back into the STM

Question 6

What is the duration of the 3 memories?

Answer 6

Sensory memory lasts less than a second
Short term memory lasts up to 20 seconds (5 to 9 items)
Long term Emory has unlimited duration and unlimited capacity

Question 7

Name one evaluative point for the multi-store model of memory

Answer 7

Credibility- supported by case studies like HM or Clive wearing as they both failed to rehearse information in LTM

Question 8

Who proposed the working memory model?

Answer 8

Baddeley and hitch

Question 9

What is the working memory model?

Answer 9

The WMM is an active store to hold and manipulate information that is being thought about

Question 10

Briefly describe the working memory model layout and parts

Answer 10

The top is the central executive which then controls the visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer and phonological loop.

Question 11

What is the visuospatial sketchpad?

Answer 11

It stores and manipulates visual information

Question 12

What is the episodic buffer?

Answer 12

The episodic buffer binds together all the information from the other components with information about tine and order. It prepares memories for storage in the episode LTM.

Question 13

What is the phonological loop?

Answer 13

The phonological loop consists of 2 parts- the inner ear and the inner voice
The phonological loop voices info that is being thought rehearsed.

Question 14

What is the central executive?

Answer 14

The central executive is the most importantly part of the working memory model, it controls attention and coordinates the actions of the other components.
It can briefly store information but has a limited capacity.

Question 15

Name one evaluative point of the working memory model

Answer 15

Application- it tells us how to improve our memory in some situation and may have application to helping people with dementia

Question 16

Who proposed the types of long term memory?

Answer 16

Tulving

Question 17

What 2 types of long term memory did tulving discover?

Answer 17

Episodic and semantic memory.

Question 18

What is episodic memory?

Answer 18

Episodic memory is our memory of experiences and specific events.

Extra info- which we can reconstruct the actual events that took place at an given point in our lives

Question 19

What is semantic memory?

Answer 19

Semantic memory refers to general factual knowledge shared with others and based on our personal experience.

Question 20

How can there be a gradual transition from episodic to semantic memory?

Answer 20

A gradual transition can occur when episodic memory reduce its sensitivity and association to particular events so the information can be generalised as semantic memory.

Question 22

Name an evaluative point for long term memory

Answer 22

There is a lot of research in support such as Clive wearing and HM as case studies and is also supported by the classic cognitive study of Baddeley.

Question 23

Who proposed reconstructive memory?

Answer 23

Bartlett

Question 24

What is reconstructive memory?

Answer 24

Reconstructive memory is the idea that remembering the past requires an attempt to reconstruct the events experienced previously.

Question 25

How is reconstructive memory done?

Answer 25

Reconstructive memory is done through the use of schemas.

Question 26

What are schemas?

Answer 26

Schemas are templates based on past experiences that we use to fill in the gaps within a story with our expectations.

Question 27

Name an evaluative point of reconstructive memory.

Answer 27

Differences- compared to other memory and cognitive theories, reconstructive memory is much more vague; about how schemas work and where they are located.

Question 28

What was Bartlett’s study on reconstructive memory?

Answer 28

Bartlett came up with the study of war of the ghosts. - showed 20 pts the war of the ghosts story and asked them to read and recall it on several occasions: hours, days, weeks, years - he recalled how the versions differed from the original story

Question 29

What are the main individual differences in psychology?

Answer 29

- culture - development - gender - personality

Question 30

Name one individual difference in cognitive psychology

Answer 30

Cognitive psychology describes how we process information, it means there will be individual differences in how we each encode or process and output particular information.

Question 31

What is the individual differences in reconstructive memory?

Answer 31

It suggests we remember using schemas and that everyone schemas are individual depending on their personal experiences and development.

Question 32

What are the 2 developmental psychology problems in memory?

Answer 32

Alzheimer’s disease and dyslexia

Question 33

What is Alzheimer’s and how is it part of developmental psychology?

Answer 33

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia- it is a fatal brain disease in which cell to cell connections in the brain are lost. It affects all parts of our memory (st, episodic and semantic) It also affects the working memory as the central nervous system executive becomes impaired and makes completion complex tasks more difficult

Question 34

What is dyslexia and how does it affect developmental psychology?

Answer 34

Dyslexia is primarily associated with problems with reading. - children with dyslexia have less efficient working memories which requires al their processing capacity to perform the minimal amount of work on a given task - they have poor short term memory for facts, events and times and have an inability to hold information

Question 35

What is the case study of Henry Molaison?

Answer 35

HM had been suffering from epileptic seizures since the age of 16 frequently - at 27, he agreed to undergo surgery that had never been done before. - he had his hippocampus removed from both sides of his brains, that cured his epilepsy but left him with amnesia.

Question 36

What was the outcome of the HM study?

Answer 36

- Henry had normal memory for everything he had learnt before the surgery but had severe memory loss for events which occurred after the surgery. - he could not transfer information into the LTM or if he could, he could not retrieve it

Question 37

What is the classic study for cognitive psychology?

Answer 37

Baddeley

Question 38

What is the contemporary study for cognitive psychology?

Answer 38

Sebastian and Hernandez-gil (2012)

Question 39

What is the key question for cognitive psychology?

Answer 39

How can psychology help treat people suffering from dementia?