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Cognitive Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Reconstructive/constructive memory?

A

Remembering as reconstruction

-Idea that remembering the past means reconstructing the events

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2
Q

What is Change Blindness?

A

When a change occurs during an interruption to attention

  • Mack & Rock (1998) Unexpected object on grid unseen
  • Simon & Chabris (1999) Unseen Gorilla during ball pass
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3
Q

What is Selective attention?

A

Influence of the viewers task and task demands override saliency/visibility of stimulus

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4
Q

What are Failures of Attentions?

A

Not just static senses; not just dynamic scenes in a video; also during interactions (change blindness)
-The Door Study (Simons & Levine 1998)

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5
Q

What studies demonstrate how weapon focus can effect Eye Witness memory?

A 
Loftus. et al (1987)
-Cheque or Gun
Loftus (1979)
-Inky hands & pen
-Bloody hands & knife
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6
Q

What are the two types of Long Term memory?

A

Declarative and Non Declarative

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7
Q

What is Nondeclarative memory?

A
  • Procedural
  • Skills motory & cognitive
  • Classical conditioning effects
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8
Q

What is Declarative memory?

A
  • Personally experienced events (episodic memory)

- Facts/general knowledge (semantic memory)

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9
Q

What is Episodic memory?

A

Remembering coherent episodes/events in the context, stored with ‘tags’ relating to time and place
-‘Tulving’ mental time travel

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10
Q

What is Semantic memory?

A
  • General conceptual knowledge, stored without reference to time or place of acquisition
  • Mental thesaurus
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11
Q

What is a schema?

A

A chunk of knowledge about the world

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12
Q

What is the schema effect?

A

Remembering what you expect to see

-Memory distortions caused by influence of expectations

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13
Q

What is familiarity based recognition?

A

When we remember something fast and automatic because it is familiar

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14
Q

What is recollection based recognition?

A

Having to take time to remember something, is slow and demanding

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15
Q

What is Source misattribution error?

A

Failure of source monitoring

-The process of examining contextual origins of a memory

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16
Q

What is Unconscious transference?

A

Tendency of Eyewitness to misidentify an innocent face (or property) on the basis of familiarity
-Experimentally effects can be reduced by informing witness that bystander is a distinct person from culprit (Ross et al. 1994)

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17
Q

What is confirmatory feedback?

A

Confidence in their answer and certainty of the face

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18
Q

What is change blindness blindness?

A

Overestimating our own eye witness abilities

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19
Q

What is a Stimulus?

A

Any passing source of physical energy that produces a response in a sense organ

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20
Q

What is a Sensation?

A

Activation of the sense organs by a source of physical energy

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21
Q

What is Perception?

A

Sorting out, interpretation, analysis, integration of stimuli, carried out by the sense organs and brain

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22
Q

What cortex of the brain interprets information from the eyes?

A

Visual cortex

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23
Q

What cortex of the brain interprets information from the ears?

A

Auditory cortex

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24
Q

What are our Sensory and Perceptual systems designed to do?

A

Select relevant and significant information and send it to the brain

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25
Q

What is the structure of an eye?

A

Retina: A layer of photoreceptor cells
Fovea: A small pit in the retina which provides the most accuracy in vision

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26
Q

What is the structure of a Retina?

A

Cones: sensitive to colours in light
Rods: Used in dim light; black and white perception

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27
Q

What colour can short wave-length cones see?

A

Blue

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28
Q

What colour can medium wave-length cones see

A

Green

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29
Q

What colour can long wave-length cones see

A

Red

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30
Q

What do the cones need to do for colour perception?

A

Comparison in activity between tree cone types

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31
Q

What is colour constancy?

A

Perceiving objects as having consistent colour, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the objects

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32
Q

What are Gestalt psychologists?

A

Psychologists who emphasise our tendency to integrate pieces of information to make a meaningful whole

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33
Q

What are the Gestalt principles?

A
  • Similarity
  • Proximity
  • Closure
  • Continuity
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34
Q

What is the order of the 3 processes sensation, cognition and perception?

A

Sensation the Perception then Cognition

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35
Q

What is Size constancy?

A

Understanding of the world around us in order to aid Perception
-Things don’t tend to change in physical size

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36
Q

What is structural encoding?

A

Producing various representations of the face

-Recognise the face as a face

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37
Q

What are Face recognition Units (FRUs)?

A

Contain fairly abstract structural information known about faces

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38
Q

What are Person Identity Nodes (PINs)?

A

Area in the brain that provides information about individuals (interests etc)

39
Q

What is name generation?

A

Providing the name for the face (names are stored separately)

40
Q

What is Prosopagnosia?

A

A condition in which there is a severe impairment in face recognition but much less in object recognition
-Face blindness

41
Q

What is acquired prosopagnosia?

A

Prosopagnosia due to brain damage

42
Q

What is Developmental Prosopagnosia?

A

Prosopagnosia without brain damage

43
Q

What is Fregoli Syndrome?

A

Delusional belief that a single person can assume different physical appearances
-Lack of pins and wrong nodes activated

44
Q

What is Intermetamorphosis?

A

Delusional belief that people change appearance to that of someone else familiar
-Deficit in FRUs: Activating FRUs with abnormally low thresholds

45
Q

What is Capgras Syndrome?

A

Delusional belief that someone who looks familiar is actually an impostor
-Preserved face recognition but impaired emotional response to faces

46
Q

What does the Embodied cognition theory suggest?

A
  • Our cognitive systems are grounded in our sensory and motory systems
  • No need for a separate mental representation
  • Representations are distributed across motor and sensory areas
47
Q

Why do we need attention?

A

Need to avoid overloading processing capacity in brain

48
Q

What is the Cocktail party phenomenon?

A

The brains ability to focus one’s Auditory attention on a particular stimulus while filtering out over stimuli

49
Q

What is Dichotic listening?

A

Test used to investigate selective attention and the lateralization of brain function with the auditory system

50
Q

What is Attended information?

A

The stimuli that is attended to, we are paying attention to the stream of information

51
Q

What is the technique shadowing?

A

Shadowing requires participants to repeat words out loud from the attended stream

52
Q

What can we notice about unattended information?

A
  • There’s very little memory for the content of a message in the unattended ear
  • Subjects notice sex changes etc in unattended ear
53
Q

Who proposed the Early selection theory?

A

Broadbent 1958

54
Q

What stages are in the Early selection theory?

A

Input from world > Sensation (Only attended info goes through)> Selective Filter > Response/Awareness

55
Q

What are the problems of the Early Selection theory?

A

Breakthrough: Semantically meaningful stuff in unattended ear can be noticed and remembered

56
Q

How did Treisman discover predictability matters in Selective listening?

A

In the experiment the 2 tracks switched ears, tracks with more predictable words after switch are spoken

57
Q

What did Gray and Wedderburn discover about word/number stimuli in listening?

A

Participants incorporated meaning when reciting the information, they grouped the words and numbers together

58
Q

What is Subliminal Material?

A

Information presented at a low level so we are not consciously aware of it

59
Q

What is Attenuation?

A

To reduce somethings effect or power and to filter the less important information down

60
Q

What are the processing steps in the Late selection model with Attenuation theory?

A

Input from world > Sensation > Attenuation > Cognition > Semantic Selection > Response/Awareness

61
Q

What is selective attention?

A

Maintaining a focus of attention on a specific item even when faced with alternatives and distractions

62
Q

Why are you less likely to recognise fire whilst playing a video game?

A

The capacity you have influences how much processing takes place in the unattended stream (fire)

63
Q

Which stream of information is always processed?

A

The attended stream

64
Q

What are the stages of the Late selection without Attenuation theory?

A

Input from world > cognition > Relevance selection > Response/Awareness

65
Q

What is Perceptual Load Theory?

A

A study of attention with distractors that describes high and low perceptual load

66
Q

What is the difference between high and low perceptual load?

A

High perceptual load has lots of stimuli

Low perceptual load has minimal stimuli

67
Q

Whats the difference between a hard and easy visual search?

A

Easy visual search: Very obvious differences in Shape, colour or orientation
Hard visual search: Increasing set size and similarity of features on distractors as to target

68
Q

What is Divided attention?

A

The ability to respond seemingly simultaneously to multiple tasks or demands

69
Q

What is Serial processing?

A

Attending to and processing one item at a time

70
Q

What is Parallel processing?

A

Attending to and processing all items simultaneously

71
Q

What is Feature Integration Theory (FIT)?

A
  • Organisation in the brain
  • Brain has specialised areas for vision and processing
  • Certain cell domination in areas seeing different orientations
72
Q

What is Exogenous control?

A

When an external locus grabs our attention (our name in the cocktail part effect)

73
Q

What is Endogenous control?

A

Self decided focus of attention

74
Q

What is Overt attention?

A

When our eyes move to something

75
Q

What is Covert attention?

A

Attention is shifted to a location that the eyes are not fixated on

76
Q

What are valid cues?

A

Cues that indicate the information (i.e an arrow pointing towards stimuli)

77
Q

What are invalid cues?

A

Cues indicating away from the information (i.e an arrow pointing away from stimuli)

78
Q

What is central cuing?

A

A method that established that providing covert attention to facilitate processing can occur via intentional control

79
Q

What is an Endogenous system?

A

Controlled by intention (seen in use of central cues)

80
Q

What is an Exogenous system?

A

Attention is automatically shifted (determined by external cues)

81
Q

What did Corbetta and Shulman distinguish between?

A

-A goal directed or topdown system involbed in selection of sensory information and responses
And
-A stimulus driven or bottom up system, circuit breaking

82
Q

Can we selectively attend to more than one location at a time?

A

Yes, multiple loci of attention

83
Q

What research is there into multiple loci of attention?

A

Baldauf, Wolf and Deubel 2006

84
Q

How does a second stimulus affect someones driving ability?

A

People are much worse at driving after having to do a task beforw driving and when driving

85
Q

What is the peripheral detection task (PDT)?

A

Peripheral light detection to measure attention and awareness

86
Q

What is habituation?

A

A decrease in strength of a response to a repeated stimulus. (singular stimulus)

87
Q

What is Sensitization?

A

An increase in the strength of a response to a repeated stimulus. (singular stimulus)

88
Q

What is Classical Conditioning?

A

When an organism learns to associate two stimuli such that one stimuli comes to elicit a response that was originally elicited only by the other stimulus

89
Q

What is Acquisition of a conditioned response?

A

The period during which a response is being learned

90
Q

What is extinction of a condition response?

A

A process in which the Conditioned Stimuli is presented repeatedly in the absence of the Unconditioned Stimuli, causing the Conditioned Response to weaken and eventually disappear

91
Q

What is Spontaneous recovery?

A

The reappearance of a previously extinguished CR after a rest period and without new learning trials

92
Q

What is Stimulus Generalization?

A

Stimuli similar to the initial Conditioned Stimuli elicit and Conditioned Response

93
Q

When does Discrimination occur in Classical conditioning?

A

When a Conditioned Response occurs to one stimulus but not to others

94
Q

What is Higher Order Conditioning?

A

A neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS

Psychology (3 decks)

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