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Cognitive Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 sections of the multi store model

A

Sensory store STM and LTM

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2
Q

How does info get from the sensory store into the stm on the MSM

A

Attention

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3
Q

How can info from the short term memory be encoded into the ltm in the MSM

A

Rehearsal

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4
Q

Where is info retrieved from and where to in the MSM

A

Ltm to stm

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5
Q

Name the 5 arrows used in the MSM

A

Attention, rehearsal, encoding, retrieval and trace decay

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6
Q

Where does trace decay occur?

A

Ltm

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7
Q

What is the capacity of the sensory store?

A

2-3 items (very little)

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8
Q

What is the duration of the sensory store?

A
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9
Q

How can info be lost from the sensory store

A

If it’s not attended to

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10
Q

What is the capacity of the stm

A

7 (+/-2) items

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11
Q

What is the duration of the stm

A

15 to 30 seconds

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12
Q

How is info lost from the stm

A

Lost if not rehearsed

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13
Q

What is the capacity of ltm

A

Unlimited

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14
Q

What is the duration of the ltm

A

Life long

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15
Q

What 2 ways can info be lost through the ltm

A

Trace decay and retrieval failure

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16
Q

What evidence is there to support the MSM

A

Millers (1956) digit span experiment - stm capacity

Peterson and Peterson trigrams - duration of STM

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17
Q

Who conducted the digit span experiment and what year?

A

Miller in 1956

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18
Q

What does the digit span experiment support?

A

That the STM has a capacity of 7 (+- 2)

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19
Q

Who did the trigram study ?

A

Peterson and Peterson

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20
Q

What was the trigram study?

A

Participants looked at a trigram for 3 seconds,then were asked to count down from a high number in 3’s and were then asked to recall the trigram.

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21
Q

What does the trigram study support

A

That the STM has a limited duration of 15-30 seconds

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22
Q

What year was Peterson and Peterson?

A

1956

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23
Q

Who created the WMM?

A

Baddeley and hitch

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24
Q

Name the 6 important sections of the WMM

A

Sensory store, central executive, visuo spatial sketch pad, phonological store, episodic buffer, long term memory

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25
Q

What are the limitations of the MSM?

A

No detail as to how info into the different sections or how info is actually encoded

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26
Q

Who made the memory store model?

A

Atkinson and shiffrin

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27
Q

What is the role of the sensory store in the WMM?

A

To send info to the central executive

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28
Q

What kind of info is transferred to the visuo spatial sketch pad?

A

Visuo spatial info

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29
Q

What is the VIsuo spatial sketch pad used for in the WMM

A

The inner eye

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30
Q

What part of the STM does the Corsi test support

A

The visuo spatial sketch pad because the inner eye pictures the flashing squares

31
Q

What is the capacity of the visuo spatial sketch pad?

A

Limited capacity 3-4 items

32
Q

What evidence is there for the different components of the STM (visuo spatial and phonological)

A

KF - maintained VSSP but not phonological loop (digit span of 1)

Henry molaison - maintained phonological loop (could understand instructions and what people were saying to him) not VSSP (couldn’t learn new faces or use his inner eye)

33
Q

What is the role of the central executive?

A

To direct the info to eithe the VSSP or the PL

34
Q

What is found within the phonological loop

A

The inner ear and the inner voice, as well as the phonological loop which is the rehearsal

35
Q

Where is the articulatory rehearsal found and what is its role

A

In the phonological store and it rehearses the inner voices info

36
Q

What is the capacity of the phonological store

A

Limited

37
Q

What type of encoding is found in the phonological store?

A

Acoustic

38
Q

What is the role of the central executive

A

To receive info from the sensory store and to decide where the info should go, the VSSP, PS or the LTM

39
Q

Where is the episodic buffer found?

A

In between the central executive and the ltm

40
Q

What is of the role of the episodic buffer?

A

To decide what is encoded and retrieved from the ltm

41
Q

What decided what is encoded and retrieved from the ltm?

A

The episodic buffer

42
Q

What is the duration of the long term memory

A

Life long (unlimited)

43
Q

What is the capacity of the ltm

A

Unlimited

44
Q

What evidence is there that supports the WMM

A

The Corsi test - limited capacity of the VSSP

The trigram - duration of the phonological loop

45
Q

What are the 3 types of long term memory?

A

Episodic, procedural and semantic

46
Q

What are episodic memory’s?

A

autobiographical memory from personal experiences

47
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Remembered skills eg riding a bike or playing the piano

48
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

General world knowledge eg days of the week in order

49
Q

What case study illustrates the different types of long term memory stores?

A

Dr. S

50
Q

What is the Dr. s case study?

A

He had a skiing accident and lost his episodic memory as he couldn’t remember some of his colleagues. He was able to recall the fact that he was a neurologist and could diagnose himself meaning that his semantic memory was working. He knew how to ski afterwards so his procedural memory was working also.

51
Q

Give 2 examples of people with memory problems

A

Clive wearing and Henry molaison

52
Q

What has Clive wearing lost in terms of memory?

A

Everything. Neither has a ltm or a STM. He can’t remember people, his hobbies, what he’s just said and what he’s just done

53
Q

Give an example of Clive wearings behaviours due to memory loss

A

Thinks he’s woken up every 2 minutes (always looks at watch). Writes in diary and doesn’t believe he wrote it as he thinks he is unconscious so he crosses out what he’s written previously.

54
Q

What are the problems for Henry molaison in terms of his memory

A

He has a short term memory only so he Can’t learn new words, songs or faces after his surgery.
Doesn’t know how old he is or if parents are alive
Can’t walk anywhere without directions

55
Q

Why is Henry molaison ‘stuck in the moment’

A

Info enters the STM through attention, however it is not transferred to the ltm and so the new info is forgotten within seconds

56
Q

What does Henry molaison have?

A

Amnesia

57
Q

What is a developmental psychologist

A

Someone who is interested in how people change over time from birth onwards

58
Q

What was Sebastian and Hernandez- gil’s study?

A

To see whether digit span increases with age

59
Q

What does Sebastian and Hernandez-gil’s study show?

A

That the digit span does increase with age from childhood through to adolescent, however the digit span of a healthy elderly is similar to that of a child aged 7, suggesting that old age does limit digit span and therefore has an effect on the capacity of the STM (phonological store)

60
Q

What is the simple diagnostic test for dementia

A

Primary and recency

61
Q

What is the primary and recency effect?

A

When given a list of words, people are able to recall the first few because of rehearsal and encoding into the ltm, and also the last few because they have only recently been encoded into the STM.

62
Q

How does the primary and recency test help diagnose dementia?

A

Studies have found that people who are likely to develop dementia tend to remember the middle set of words, highlighting how there is something wrong with their STM.

63
Q

What study is used to show the reconstructive memory.

A

Bartlett - the war of the ghosts

64
Q

What year was Bartlett

A

1932

65
Q

What was the Bartlett study?

A

Participants were given a story and asked to read it and recall it. They found that pp’s changed the story to a more westernised interpretation to fit info into their already existing schema

66
Q

What are schemas?

A

A collection/pattern of thought that categorises information as ‘note-form’ not as a ‘video recording’, informing you what to expect from a situation or experience

67
Q

What influences a schema?

A

Your memory of personal experiences or situations as well as the association/rationalisation of a characteristic to something e.g. The ears of a cat

68
Q

Fill the gap

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ inkblot

A

Rorschach

69
Q

What is the Rorschach inkblot?

A

A blot shape that triggers schemas due to the different patterns and shapes within it. People use their schemas to infer what the shape is and find real objects within it

70
Q

What was the ‘visual Chinese whispers’ activity?

A

When you are given an abstract drawing to look at for a few seconds and then asked to reproduce the photo

71
Q

What was found from the visual Chinese whispers activity?

A

We rationalise what we see based upon what our schemas associate the picture with. For example, having 2 triangular shaped pointy ears made people believe it was a cat

72
Q

What is meant by ‘reconstructive memory’

A

When presented with an abstract situation, our schemas ‘fill in the gaps’ to create an expectation or assumption of what it is. For example, verbal labels such as cat

73
Q

How many participants are in the Bartlett study?

A

20 adults

Psychology (13 decks)

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