Cognitive Psychology Flashcards

Question

Baddeley IV and DV

Answer 1

Independent variable: This study has multiple! (1) Acoustically similar word list or acoustically dissimilar (2) semantically similar word list or semantically dissimilar (3) performance before 15 minutes “forgetting” delay and performance after. Dependent variable: Score on a recall test of 10 words; words must be recalled in the correct order (really, this is a test of remembering the word order, not the words themselves)

Answer 2

Sample: Men and women from the Cambridge University subject panel (mostly students); they were volunteers. There were 72 altogether, a mixture of men and women. There were 15-20 in each condition

Answer 3

Participants were assigned to one of the four word lists Participants are shown 10 words on a slideshow. With each word appearing on the board for 3 seconds After seeing the words, they were given 8 random numbers to write down three times. The participants then practised writing down the word sin order Step 2-4 would be repeated four times. This is considered the “Learning Phase” The participants are given a 15-20 minute break doing another interference task. This task was unexpected for the participants. The participants then have to recall the word order after the 15 minute task. This final recall is also unexpected for the participants Participants have the words in front of them throughout the study. They though the words are not in order (again, the dependent variable of this task was to put the words back together in order

Answer 4

The findings show that for semantics, the more similar list had lower performance than the dissimilar list. The scores for the acoustic lists were more similar This evidence actually shows that LTM is coded semantically

Answer 5

High internal validity words were matched based on how common they were in the english language, meaning results couldnt be explained by ppt being able to recall more familiar words avoids extraneous variables of ppt being able to recall words better based off familiarity, meaning researchers can be sure differences between groups is based on semantics or acoustics not other factors COUNTER- LACKS MUNDANE REALISM real life ltm does not consist of remembering word lists in order contextual cues and other factors impact memory baddeley excluded such recalls as procedure was highly controlled suggesting encoding in the study may not reflect real life and semantic memory role in LTM was exaggerated

Answer 6

Low pop validity Cambridge uni students, all young and educated, so younger and more academic than average population, the way their memory encodes may be unique to elite students therefore findings on how Ltm encodes may not be applicable to wider pop

Answer 7

``` schmolcks study he had his hippocampus removed memory was affected could remember events before surgery but not after both episodic and semantic affected he couldn’t remember brekky procedural memories unaffected ```

Answer 8

Severely impaired as a consequence of amnesia , recall events from past but semantic memory was unaffected

Answer 9

Medial temporal lobe

Answer 10

Look at relationship between semantic knowledge tests and extent of temporal lobe damage

Answer 11

13 memory tests such as naming objects from description/ picture on individuals with brain damage and compared against controls 3 patients had damage to MTL and MLT+ , HM who has parts of MTL removed and 2 patients with damage HF MRI scans to see damage

Answer 12

MLT* patients with most brain damage did the worst on all tasks HM did better than MLT+ but worse than HF and controls HF did just as well and at times better than controls

Answer 13

Semantic knowledge and memory is related to ANTEROLATERAL TEMPORAL COTEXT not hippocampus This study concludes that semantic memory issues were associat with levels of damage in the anterolateral temporal cortex, as participants with more brain damage in that area generally perforn worst on semantic tasks. The MRI scan agree with this, as participants who score the worst te to have the most brain damage in that area. This study concludes that semantic memory issues were associated with levels of damage in the anterolateral temporal cortex, as participants with more brain damage in that area generally performed worst on semantic tasks. The MRI scan agree with this, as participants who score the worst tend to have the most brain damage in that area. The research also suggests that the hippocampus is not involved in semantic knowledge as patients with hippocampal formation damage performed very similarly to the controls .

Answer 14

High internal validity, standardised procedure study combines two methods use of mri and performance of individuals on semantic test qualitative and quantitative data cause(brain damage) and effect (semantic knowledge issue) can be established through use of triangulation

Answer 15

counter: not all ppt matched perfectly sample matching the hf ppt we’re older and less educated than hf ppt this age and education difference cba mean Hf appeared to perform better but in reality if they were compared to a similar control there would not be many differences

Answer 16

Low pop validity low number of ppt (8) which leads to issues with generalisability, we cannot assume brain damaged ppt have comparable semantic knowledge before injuries therefore results about semantic knowledge being linked to the anteoral medial cortex and may not be generalisable

Answer 17

Aim was to investigate how an unfamiliar story from an unfamiliar culture would be changed ppt were 20 british students they read a native american story called the war of ghosts story at their own pace, they then did a range of serial reproduction tasks, reproducing the story over multiple times over different intervals ( months to years) story generally lost detail got shorter with only bare outline of story remanding changes in story got more pronounced over time, words changed from canoe to boat showing memory changed the story so it made sense to british students

Answer 18

lacked rational story order culturally unfamiliar dramatic nature - visual imaging

Answer 19

However, further research has showed that Bartlett may be incorrect in suggesting that memory is reconstructed and therefore distorted upon each recall. Wynn and Logie (1998) conducted a replication of Bartlett's War of the Ghosts' but used a real life situation. They asked first year psychology students to recall events from their first week university and found that there was only a small reduction in the amount of information recalled even after 6 months. Therefore, real-life situations which are more familiar may be less susceptible to the reconstruction changes due to schema influence unlike what Bartlett suggests. Perhaps this theory can only explain changes in unfamiliar memories. A probiem with the thoory is that. k is based on evidence which can be criticised as use of the War of the Ghosts' story has little relevance in everyday lite. However, Bartlett conducted his repeated reproduction experiments. using eight different stories on different participants and found the same overall general shortening, transformation, famillarisation and omission. He also found similar effects on repeated and serial reproduce, of pictures. Therefore, it can be argued that memory for any type of story or Object is subject to the same memory errors,

Answer 20

Confabulation - story became more consistent with ppt only cultural beliefs Levelling- became shorter removing information not viewed as important Rationalisation- change order of story to make it more familiar

Answer 21

Supported by empirical evidence in his study ppt altered story upon each recall omitting and rationalising information, showing we have subjective memory rather than an accurate objective recall of events which other models suggest Useful practical real life applications experimental research demonstrates eyewitness testimonies are unreliable when recalling events and we recall what we expect to see rather than what we actually can, which can be explained by the role of schemas outlined in the theory, due to this convictions aren’t solely based on ewt changing the legal system for the better