cognitive perspective Flashcards

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1
Q

what is field dependance?

A
  • sees the big picture
  • ex: see the forest not the trees
  • social people
  • they look for context in confusing situations
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2
Q

what is field independance?

A

-sees the details
-ex: see the trees not the forest
- are more autonomous people
- can ignore distractions
- they look for details in confusing situations

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3
Q

what are the four approaches in interpreting the social world?

A
  • Locus of control
  • attributional style
  • optimism/ pessimism
  • mastery orientation
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4
Q

what is the personal construct theory?

A
  • people develop theories about how the world works
  • everyone has unique theories on interpreting world events
  • ex: you get what you deserve, if you work hard good things will happen
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5
Q

what is the function of personal construct?

A
  • it helps organize, interpret and predict people’s behaviours
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6
Q

what is locus of control?

A
  • general tendency to explain events in your life
  • do you take responsibility/ control or deny it?
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7
Q

what is internal locus of control?

A
  • I believe I can control what happens in my life
  • ex: I got a bad grade because I didn’t study
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8
Q

what is external locus of control?

A
  • I believe that fate is in the hands of chance/ others
  • ex: I failed my test because the teacher performs poorly in class
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9
Q

positive effects of locus of control:

A

more likely to:
- have better health
- follow what the doctor says
- have a better credit score

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10
Q

What is learned helplessness?

A
  • if nothing goes my way I tend to believe that I am helpless
  • perceive that there is not association between my actions and the outcomes
  • ex: why should I try, it won’t work out anyways!
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11
Q

what are the 3 elements to look at in learned helplessness?

A

is cause Stable vs Unstable? (e.g., it’s not gonna change)
* is cause Internal vs External? (e.g., it’s about me)
* is cause Global vs Specific? (e.g., every part of my life)
– if for neg events answers are: Stable, Internal, Global,
then one feels helpless

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12
Q

Optimism/ pessimism

A
  • concern’s about people’s expectancies for the future
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13
Q

people are motivated by what?

A

-goals
- how much effort you put into your goals are influenced by: the value of it (how much you want it) and How confident/ doubtful you are that you can achieve it

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14
Q

optimism is?

A

a general belief / confidence that things will turn out for the best

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15
Q

optimistic people are most likely to:

A

persevere, see challenges as an opportunity to grow, have more effective coping strategies

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16
Q

defence pessimism:

A

-are pessimists with a history of doing well
- very anxious prior to test situation
- use anxiety for better performance

17
Q

optimists and defence pessimists have:

A

same goals, different expectancies and different strategies
- both are effective
- differ in how they interpret and respond to challenges

18
Q

difference between: optimism/ pessimism and realism:

A
  • positivism: Positive expectations for future: imagine desired outcome
  • pessimism: Neg expectations for future: imagine undesired outcome
  • Realistic Orientation: imagine mix of desired and
    undesired possible outcomes
19
Q

Defense pessimism vs realist

A

defence pessimist has negative expectation, which makes them anxious and then are motivated to avoid failure.

realists have both negative and positive expectations, are hopeful and anxious but they have a plan just in case

20
Q

entity theorists believe that:

A
  • intelligence is a fixed trait and it is a quality that cannot be changed
    ex: failure means one is stupid
  • focus is on performance and avoid challenging tasks
21
Q

incremental theories believe that:

A
  • challenging situations are opportunities to learn
  • if one fails they should work harder or try a different way
  • focus on learning, prefer challenging tasks
22
Q

( for personality) Entity theorists believe that:

A

believe traits are fixed
- Once an individual/group is labeled, new counter info is rejected/ignored

23
Q

for personality) incremental theorists

A

believe people can change
- Behaviour seen as due to situations, goals, motivation