Cognitive Learning Flashcards
Domain-specific knowledge
Knowledge useful in a particular situation
General knowledge
Useful in many different kinds of tasks
Information processing
The mind’s activity of taking in, storing, and using information
Sensory memory
Sensory information. This memory is very brief
Bottom-up processing
Noticing separate features and assembling them into a pattern
Top-down processing
Using context and what we already know about the situation
Automaticity
Performing a task that is so thoroughly learned it does not require much mental effort
Example: driving, walking
Working memory
The task you are currently working on.
Contains both temporary storage and active processing
Short-term memory
Memory system that holds information for 20 seconds.
Can hold 5 to 9 things at once.
Once rehearsed these things move to long-term memory.
Visuospatial sketchpad
Part of working memory.
Holds visual and spatial information.
Central executive
The part of working memory that is responsible for monitoring and directing attention and other mental resources
Phonological loop
A speech and sound related system for holding and rehearsing words and sounds
Cognitive load
How much mental processing it takes to complete a task
Intrinsic cognitive load
The resources required by the task alone
Extrinsic cognitive load
The recourses it takes to process outside stimuli
Germane cognitive load
Deep processing of information related to a task as well as the application of prior knowledge to a newly risen problem within the task
Maintenance rehearsal
Keeping information in working memory by repeating it
Elaborative rehearsal
Keeping information in working memory by connecting it to prior knowledge
Chunking
Grouping a large collection of data into more meaningful units
Interference
Processing new information gets confused with old information
Decay
The weakening and fading of memories with the passage of time
Cognitive view of learning
The active mental process of acquiring, remembering and using knowledge
Long term memory
Permanent store of knowledge
Declarative knowledge
Facts
Procedural knowledge
Demonstrated when performing a task
Know how to do something
Self-regularity knowledge
Knowing how to manage learning and when to use knowledge
Explicit memory
Long-term memories that involve deliberate or conscious recall
Implicit memory
Knowledge that we are not conscious of recalling
Semantic memory
Meaning of a word
Example: Plane, dog, cat
Dual coding theory
Things are stored in long term memory as images or verbal units or both
Schemas
Structures for organizing information
Episodic memory
Information tied to a time and place
Flashbulb memories
Vivid memories of emotionally important events
Procedural memory
Memory for how to do things
Priming
Activating a concept in memory
Elaboration
Connecting to prior knowledge
Organization
Ordered and logical network of relations
Context
The physical and emotional backdrop associated with an event
Spreading activation
Remembering one bit of information activates recall of associated information
Mnemonics
Technique for remembering
Loci method
Associating items with specific places
Acronym
Using the first letter of each word to remember a concept or steps
Example: PEMDAS
Chain mnemonics
Associates one element of a series with the next
Example:
I before e except after c
Keyword method
Associating new words with similar sounding words
Example:
The 4 c’s
Serial-position effect
The tendency to remember only the end and beginning of a series
Domain-specific strategies
Applied skills to reach goals in a particular subject
Algorithm problem solving
Step by step procedure
Heuristic problem solving
For general more challenging life problems
Means-ends analysis
Goal is divided into sub-goals
Working backward strstegy
Start with the goal then move backwards
Verbalization
Putting your problem solving plan into words
Representativeness heuristic
Judging the likelihood of an event based on how well they match your prototype
Availability heuristic
Judging the likelihood of an event based on what is available in your memory
Confirmation bias
Seeking information that confirms your choices or beliefs
Divergent thinking
Coming up with many possible solutions
Convergent thinking
Narrowing possibilities to a single answer
Restricting
Conceiving of a problem in a new way
Insight
Sudden realization of a solution
Transfer
Using previously learned information on new material
