Cognitive Exam 3 Flashcards
Define Prototype Categorization
forming a standard representation of a category based on averaging category members encountered in the past
If you say that “Starbucks on the first floor of the Social Science building is my idea of a typical Starbucks,” you are using the _____ approach to categorization.
Exemplar
The definitional approach to categorization ______________.
doesn’t work well for most natural objects like birds, trees, and plants.
In the first phase of Posner’s dot pattern experiment, participants learn the dot-pattern A and B based on the __________. In the second phase, when they see old (the same dot patterns from the first phase) and new dot patterns, they tend to recognize the seed pattern of A and B as _____.
Feedback; old
Considering that the members of the dot pattern A and B in Posner’s experiment were generated by moving seed patterns of A and B a little, the answer of the above question suggests that participants __________.
Averaged dots of pattern A and B, respectively.
Posner’s dot pattern experiment was designed to demonstrate the ___________ in category-standard formation.
Prototype
According to the typicality effect, members that are high in typicality (e.g., apple) are judged as being a member of a group ___________ than members that are low in typicality (e.g., pomegranate).
More rapidly
If you hear “red”, then, it primes ______, which is an example of _______.
Vivid red; typicality effect
According to Rosch, the ____ level of categories is the psychologically “privileged” level of category that reflects people’s everyday experience and is often used to name objects.
Basic
Which of the following represents the basic level item? (Make sure to read all the alternatives)
Basic level is dependent on an individual’s knowledge and experiences
The semantic network model (e.g., Collins and Quillians’s Hierarchical model) predicts that the time it takes for a person to retrieve information or answer a question should be determined by ______________.
The distance that must be traveled through the network.
According to Collins and Quillian’s semantic network model, it should take the longest to verify which statement below (contrary to the actual response time of participants)?
A pig is an animal.
In the semantic network approach, the cognitive economy refers to ____________.
Avoidance of repetitive assignment of category-specific characteristics to individual members of the category
One of the key properties of the _________ approach is that a specific concept is represented by activity that is distributed over many units in the network as if neurons work.
Connectionist
Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ________ in which feedback adjusts the weights.
Back propagation
To obtain an insight to solve a problem, Gestalt psychologists suggest that it is important to ___________.
restructure the mental representation of the problem
Which problem provides an example of how restructuring the mental representation of a problem can facilitate problem solving?
The circle problem: determining the length of a line of a triangle inside a circle
For a non-insight problem, warmth feeling (i.e., how close you are to the solution) ______________; For an insight problem, it _____________ prior to the solution.
gradually rises; rises suddenly just
The water-jug problem demonstrates that when we have a well-learned procedure that solves a problem from the past, then it may prevent us from __________________________.
being able to find more efficient solutions for similar problems.
In the candle problem, subjects who were presented with ______ boxes were twice as likely to solve the problem as subjects who were presented with _______ boxes.
Empty; full
Watching a comedy film or receiving a basket of candy ________ the problem-solving performance while monetary reward improves the performance only if the task is _______.
Improves; easy
Which of the following provides the best illustration of functional fixedness?
Using a juice glass as a container for orange juice.
Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder problem solving?
Two-string problem
Functional fixedness would be LOWEST (i.e., less functional fixedness) for a(n) _____________.
New and unfamiliar object.
Applying a solution from one problem-solving situation to a similar problem-solving situation is the most related to ________.
Analogy (analogical transfer).
Only 30% of subjects could solve the Duncker’s radiation problem after _________. In contrast, 75% of subjects could solve the problem after __________.
Reading the fortress story; being nudged to apply the fortress story to solve the radiation problem
Jay’s problem was to make a large amount of money for a down-payment. He approached the problem by _____.
Restructuring the representation of the problem (not a matter of saving, but a matter of making extra income)
Getting out of the mental set (you can get paid only after the work à you can get paid before the work) and functional fixedness (psychological knowledge and skills are for only classes and research à they can be used for something else)
Using analogical problem solving (a novelist who received money before he wrote novels)
Which of the following was(were) the suggestion(s) for being creative?
Put more (not less) restrictions on how to solve the problem
Take a break after a deep work on the problem
Intuitive decision-making process based on past experiences is called _______ which is _______.
Heuristic, not foolproof
Because of the ___________, we are more likely to overestimate the risk of pregnancy than the risk of asthma.
Availability (of specific cases) heuristic
Tom is masculine, wears training pants, and regularly goes to a gym. If we judge the probability that Tom is a professional bodybuilder to be quite high because the description resembles our stereotype of a professional bodybuilder, we are using the __________________.
Representativeness heuristic.
Lydia is 48 years old, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy as an undergraduate. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and she participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations. Which of the following alternatives is most probable?
Lydia is a housewife.
People tend to overestimate _______________________.
Negative feelings following a bad decision/consequence more so than positive feelings following a good decision/consequence.
Lucky contestants of the deal-no-deal tend to accept a banker’s offer early while unlucky contestants tend to keep playing. This is because ____________.
Unlucky contestants want to avoid the negative feeling of being a loser and take more risks in the hope of beating the odds.
People favor one option over the other depending on how the two options are described even though the two options are essentially the same. Such phenomenon is called ____________.
Framing effect
When the option is stated in terms of gains, people tend to _____ risks; When the option is stated in terms of losses, people tends to ______ risks.
avoid; take
Brenda is watching a political debate. When her preferred candidate gets up to speak, she nods her head when he makes points with which she agrees. When he is saying things that she does not support, however, she simply turns away and talks to her roommate. Brenda’s tendency to seek out information that is consistent with her beliefs is called the ____________.
confirmation bias
Here’s the Wason four-card problem with the following rule,
“If there is a vowel on one side, then there is an even number on the other side.”
Suppose you are presented with four cards as follows: [A, 2, M, 13], each showing one side of each of the four cards. To see if the rule is valid, you would have to turn over the cards showing _____________.
A and 13.
When the “abstract” version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a “concrete” version of the problem (in which beer, soda, young boy, and old man are substituted for the letters and numbers), ____________________.
performance is better for the concrete task.
The application of a(n) _________ makes it easier to solve the “drinking beer/soda” version of the Wason problem, because it encourages to use __________.
permission schema; falsification rule
