Cognitive Exam 2

Question 1

Sperling devised the partial report condition for measuring the ___

Answer 1

Capacity

Question 2

Sperling devised the delayed partial report condition for measuring the ___

Answer 2

Duration

Question 3

Sperling studied what kind of memory

Answer 3

Sensory Memory

Question 4

Sperling’s Partial and Delayed Partial Report Condition studied ___ memory

Answer 4

Sensory Memory

Question 5

2 major characteristics of Sensory Memory in terms of capacity and duration

Answer 5

(Almost) Unlimited Capacity

Very Short Duration

Question 6

The reason you see a trail of sparkler or smooth movement from a fast sequence of static images is because ___________.

Answer 6

The iconic memory keeps old visual information temporarily until new visual information comes

Question 7

Which memory relates to seeing a trail of sparkler

Answer 7

Iconic Memory

Question 8

In Peterson-Peterson task, subjects receive trigrams (e.g., JKH) followed by a number from which they need to do the backward counting. What is the purpose of the backward counting?

Answer 8

To prevent subjects from rehearsing the trigram

Question 9

What is the purpose of backward counting in memory experiments

Answer 9

To prevent rehearsal of stimulus information

Question 10

According to Peterson and Peterson, we lose the information in the short-term memory in about __________ second(s)

Answer 10

18-20 seconds

Question 11

Peterson and Peterson observed that subjects’ recall rate of the trigrams decreases as the delay increases. What was the conclusion?

Answer 11

Memory decays as time goes

Question 12

Unlike the conclusion of Peterson and Peterson, Keppel and Underwood proposed _________ as an alternative explanation of forgetting

Answer 12

Proactive interference

Question 13

Keppel and Underwood proposed _________

Answer 13

Proactive interference

Question 14

What was the observation that led to Keppel and Underwood proposing proactive interference?

Answer 14

subjects could recall the trigram even after 18 seconds in the first trial

Question 15

Define Proactive Inference

Answer 15

old information learnt previously interferes with learning/remembering new information

Question 16

Define Retroactive Interference

Answer 16

newly learned information interferes with remembering old information

Question 17

Travis got a locker in gym class with the combination of 19-5-4. In order to remember it, he thinks of it as the year 1954. His method of remembering best illustrates:

Answer 17

Chunking

Question 18

Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information on a mental work table rather than simply storing it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of ________________.

Answer 18

Short-term memory

Question 19

What task is typically used to measure capacity of working memory?

Answer 19

N-back

Question 20

What is the primary brain area of STM

Answer 20

Pre-frontal cortex

Question 21

Funahashi and colleagues (1989) claimed that some neurons in visual cortex are responsible for short-term memory based on the observation of the neurons are firing the most strongly during _____

Answer 21

The absence of the visual stimulus

Question 22

Neural mind reading involves ____ (3 exampled)

Answer 22

Measuring brain activation patterns while showing various stimuli to participant and identifying specific brain activation pattern associated with each stimulus.

Asking the participant imagine one of the stimuli she had seen while measuring her brain activation pattern.

Comparing the brain activation pattern during the imagination to the pre-identified brain patterns associated with each stimulus in order to guess what the participant is imagining.

Question 23

Murdoch’s experiment from which the serial position curve was reported showed that memory is best for the ______ of a list

Answer 23

first few and the last few words

Question 24

The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with memory

Answer 24

long-term

Question 25

The claim primacy effect is associated with a certain specific kind of memory was supported by the finding that _______

Answer 25

Repeating-words-out-loud during intervals between words showed that the number of repetition of each word corresponded well to the memory performance for the first few words

Question 26

What will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear from the serial position curve?

Answer 26

Inserting the backward counting task for 30 seconds before recall

Question 27

Wickens et al. (1976) observed that if the category of words suddenly changed, then the memory accuracy, which was decreasing as trial goes, suddenly increases. They called it ____

Answer 27

Release from PI (proactive interference)

Question 28

Wickens experiment indicated ____ coding in STM

Answer 28

Semantic Coding

Question 29

Description of coding in STM and LTM (3 examples)

Answer 29

Visual coding is for image, auditory coding is for sound, and the semantic coding is for category or meaning.

Both STM and LTM use visual, auditory, and semantic coding.

Auditory coding is more dominant in short term memory and semantic coding is more dominant in long term memory.

Question 30

H.M. underwent brain surgery (lobotomy) to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.’s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that __________________, which is similar to Clive Wearing’s (an old pianist) symptoms

Answer 30

STM can operate (relatively) normally while LTM is impaired due to the damage of hippocampus.

Question 31

Define Semantic Memory

Answer 31

memory of meaning, understanding, general knowledge about the world, and other concept-based knowledge unrelated to specific experiences

Question 32

What is an example of Semantic Memory

Answer 32

I know that more than 33% of U.S. drivers have admitted to using a cell phone when driving.

I know that in 80% of the crashes and 67% of the near crashes, the driver was inattentive in some way 3 seconds beforehand.

Question 33

Your text describes an “Italian woman” who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects ___________

Answer 33

intact episodic memory but impaired semantic memory.

Question 34

Define Episodic Memory

Answer 34

nscious recollection of a personal experience that contains information on what has happened and also where and when it happened

Question 35

What is an example of Episodic Memory

Answer 35

I remember not only when and where my last car accident happened but also remember that I was texting and my friends were in the same car talking about school and we were listening to our favorite music.

Question 36

The defining characteristic of implicit memory is that ______

Answer 36

We are not consciously aware of the fact we have them and under the influence of them.

Question 37

What is an example of Implicit Memory

Answer 37

Procedural memory
Priming (e.g., the propaganda effect)
Classical Conditioning

Question 38

Define Procedural Memory

Answer 38

type of long-term memory involving how to perform different actions and skills

Question 39

What is an example of procedural memory

Answer 39

Reading the words on this test

Question 40

The Graf et al. experiment with Korsakoff syndrome patients and two control groups had two phases where the patients first performed the _________ and then _________ later.

Answer 40

Likability rating of 10 words; either surprise free-recall of the 10 words or word-fragment task.

Question 41

(T/F) Graf and colleagues picked the 10 words for the likability rating so that they help the word-fragment task.

Answer 41

True

Question 42

Graf and colleagues used Korsakoff syndrome patients so that ___________.

Answer 42

although the patients cannot explicitly remember the 10 words from the likability rating task, they can perform well in the word-fragment test with the help of the implicit memory of the 10 words that are related to the word-fragment task.

Question 43

According to Craik & Tulving (1975) who did the levels-of-processing experiment, people remembered target words best when the questions (that proceeded the target words) were about ______.

Answer 43

Meaning (e.g., fit into the blank?)

Question 44

4 memory effects introduced in Ch 7

Answer 44

Self- reference effect
Generation effect
Testing effect
Spacing effect

Question 45

Describe the testing effect experiment

Answer 45

Participants read passages followed by math problems, as prep either re-read or recalled. Delay of 5 min, 2 days, 1 week.

testing self is better than re-reading

replicated in 8th grade history

Question 46

Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like “chair, apple, t-shirt, cherry, sofa, pants” to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of __________________.

Answer 46

The spontaneous tendency of grouping items based on their categories.

Question 47

Bransford and Johnson’(1972) had participants hear a passage about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend who lived in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture about the story made it easier to understand and memories the contents. The results of this study illustrated the importance of _________ in forming reliable long-term memories.

Answer 47

An organizational context (i.e., big picture/framework)

Question 48

Your instructor introduced an example that was very similar to the above question. The example was about two boys playing ________.

Answer 48

A video game (Starcraft)

Question 49

In Mantyla’s experiment, participants saw target words and generated 3 words related to target word. Those 3 words were presented as a retrieval cue in later recall. What were the results (3 examples)

Answer 49

performance dropped significantly for other generated cues

without cues, could still remember some words, but performance is poorer than cued condition

could remember majority with self generated cues

Question 50

Encoding specificity suggests that _______________.

Answer 50

The context of learning is encoded along with the material being learnt, and can facilitate retrieval of the material if one has the same context as the encoding at retrieval.

Question 51

According to the encoding specificity, background noise during test (i.e., retrieval) can improve your memory if ______________.

Answer 51

You had had the same noise during encoding.

Question 52

When someone (not just Dr. J’s wife) is currently upset, she can easily recall some old events that had made her upset. This is an everyday example of the _______________.

Answer 52

Encoding specificity (especially, the state-dependent learning)

Question 53

According to the transfer appropriate theory, processing the auditory aspect of stimuli during encoding can cause a better memory at later test than processing the meaning of stimuli during encoding, if ________ (2 examples)

Answer 53

Levels of processing theory is not always correct.

The test is made using the rhyming-questions

Question 54

Describe Spacing Effect

Answer 54

Even when subjects believe that cramming works for them, for the most of the cases, spacing effect occurs (i.e., when they space out study times, they perform better)

Question 55

Define Self Image Hypothesis (Reminiscence Bump)

Answer 55

memory is enhanced for events that had occurred as a person was forming self-identity

Question 56

Define Cognitive Hypothesis (Reminiscence Bump)

Answer 56

busy period of life that is followed by a relaxed and stable period of life causes stronger memory about the busy period

Question 57

Define Cultural Life Script (Reminiscence Bump)

Answer 57

personal events become easier to recall when they fit the schedule expected by one’s culture

Question 58

What are the 3 hypotheses of Reminiscence Bump

Answer 58

Self-Image
Cognitive
Cultural Life Script

Question 59

As a supporting evidence of the cognitive hypothesis of the reminiscence bump, researchers found that people who immigrated at the age of 34-35 show a reminiscence bump that is ______.

Answer 59

Postponed comparing to those of people who immigrated at the age of 20-24

Question 60

Which Memory Effect is most closely related to the Cognitive Hypothesis of Reminiscence Bump

Answer 60

Self-generation effect

Question 61

What is the effect of emotion on memory? (3 examples)

Answer 61

Emotional words or pictures are remembered better than neutral ones.

Without amygdala, memory enhancement by emotion would disappear.

Stress may enhance memory by releasing specific hormones (e.g., cortisol).

Question 62

Define Flashbulb Memory

Answer 62

Memory for circumstances surrounding shocking or highly charged important events.

Question 63

According to the experiment that involves emotional and neutral picture surrounded by color frames, people are ______ confident to recognize emotional pictures than to recognize neutral pictures, but their memory for the frame color is ________ accurate for the emotional pictures.

Answer 63

More; less

Question 64

Describe Flashbulb Memories (4 examples)

Answer 64

Originally considered photographic memories that don’t alter

often have source monitoring errors (believe learned event from TV when that isn’t accurate)

higher confidence in recalling flashbulbs memories than daily memories

not necessarily more accurate than everyday memories

Question 65

Bartlett’s experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the “War of the Ghosts” story that was based on Canadian Indian culture demonstrated the constructive nature of memory. Specifically, it demonstrated that memory is altered based on one’s ___________.

Answer 65

cultural background.

Question 66

In the experiment in which participants sat in a psychology-experiment office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants “remembered” things, like books, that weren’t actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of on memory.

Answer 66

(scene) schemas

Question 67

Loftus and Palmer’s “car-crash films” experiment shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a large change in eyewitness reporting (especially the estimated speed of the cars). In this study, the critical words were _______________.

Answer 67

“hit vs. smashed.”

Question 68

What are results of eyewitness testimony experiments (3 examples)

Answer 68

more than 1/2 time viewers pick someone from line up as perp, even if real perp is not included

tend to pick familiar faces in lineup

confidence in testimony is affected by feedback from investigator

Question 69

According to cognitive psychologists, it is better to have ________ lineup and ________ in the lineup.

Answer 69

Serial; fillers (someone similar to the suspect/perpetrator)

Question 70

According to cognitive psychologists, it is better to have an administrator of the lineup procedure who _________ know whether or not the lineup has a real suspect/perpetrator while letting the eyewitness know that there _________ be the suspect.

Answer 70

Does not; may not

Question 71

Cognitive interview technique should let eyewitnesses (2 examples)

Answer 71

Talk with minimal interruption / feedback

Recreate the situation/emotion that they had at the crime scene