Cognitive Exam 2 Flashcards
Sperling devised the partial report condition for measuring the ___
Capacity
Sperling devised the delayed partial report condition for measuring the ___
Duration
Sperling studied what kind of memory
Sensory Memory
Sperling’s Partial and Delayed Partial Report Condition studied ___ memory
Sensory Memory
2 major characteristics of Sensory Memory in terms of capacity and duration
(Almost) Unlimited Capacity
Very Short Duration
The reason you see a trail of sparkler or smooth movement from a fast sequence of static images is because ___________.
The iconic memory keeps old visual information temporarily until new visual information comes
Which memory relates to seeing a trail of sparkler
Iconic Memory
In Peterson-Peterson task, subjects receive trigrams (e.g., JKH) followed by a number from which they need to do the backward counting. What is the purpose of the backward counting?
To prevent subjects from rehearsing the trigram
What is the purpose of backward counting in memory experiments
To prevent rehearsal of stimulus information
According to Peterson and Peterson, we lose the information in the short-term memory in about __________ second(s)
18-20 seconds
Peterson and Peterson observed that subjects’ recall rate of the trigrams decreases as the delay increases. What was the conclusion?
Memory decays as time goes
Unlike the conclusion of Peterson and Peterson, Keppel and Underwood proposed _________ as an alternative explanation of forgetting
Proactive interference
Keppel and Underwood proposed _________
Proactive interference
What was the observation that led to Keppel and Underwood proposing proactive interference?
subjects could recall the trigram even after 18 seconds in the first trial
Define Proactive Inference
old information learnt previously interferes with learning/remembering new information
Define Retroactive Interference
newly learned information interferes with remembering old information
Travis got a locker in gym class with the combination of 19-5-4. In order to remember it, he thinks of it as the year 1954. His method of remembering best illustrates:
Chunking
Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information on a mental work table rather than simply storing it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of ________________.
Short-term memory
What task is typically used to measure capacity of working memory?
N-back
What is the primary brain area of STM
Pre-frontal cortex
Funahashi and colleagues (1989) claimed that some neurons in visual cortex are responsible for short-term memory based on the observation of the neurons are firing the most strongly during _____
The absence of the visual stimulus
Neural mind reading involves ____ (3 exampled)
Measuring brain activation patterns while showing various stimuli to participant and identifying specific brain activation pattern associated with each stimulus.
Asking the participant imagine one of the stimuli she had seen while measuring her brain activation pattern.
Comparing the brain activation pattern during the imagination to the pre-identified brain patterns associated with each stimulus in order to guess what the participant is imagining.
Murdoch’s experiment from which the serial position curve was reported showed that memory is best for the ______ of a list
first few and the last few words
The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with memory
long-term
The claim primacy effect is associated with a certain specific kind of memory was supported by the finding that _______
Repeating-words-out-loud during intervals between words showed that the number of repetition of each word corresponded well to the memory performance for the first few words
What will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear from the serial position curve?
Inserting the backward counting task for 30 seconds before recall
Wickens et al. (1976) observed that if the category of words suddenly changed, then the memory accuracy, which was decreasing as trial goes, suddenly increases. They called it ____
Release from PI (proactive interference)
Wickens experiment indicated ____ coding in STM
Semantic Coding
Description of coding in STM and LTM (3 examples)
Visual coding is for image, auditory coding is for sound, and the semantic coding is for category or meaning.
Both STM and LTM use visual, auditory, and semantic coding.
Auditory coding is more dominant in short term memory and semantic coding is more dominant in long term memory.
H.M. underwent brain surgery (lobotomy) to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.’s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that __________________, which is similar to Clive Wearing’s (an old pianist) symptoms
STM can operate (relatively) normally while LTM is impaired due to the damage of hippocampus.
Define Semantic Memory
memory of meaning, understanding, general knowledge about the world, and other concept-based knowledge unrelated to specific experiences
What is an example of Semantic Memory
I know that more than 33% of U.S. drivers have admitted to using a cell phone when driving.
I know that in 80% of the crashes and 67% of the near crashes, the driver was inattentive in some way 3 seconds beforehand.
Your text describes an “Italian woman” who, after an attack of encephalitis, had difficulty remembering people or facts she knew before. She could, however, remember her life events and daily tasks. Her memory behavior reflects ___________
intact episodic memory but impaired semantic memory.
Define Episodic Memory
nscious recollection of a personal experience that contains information on what has happened and also where and when it happened
What is an example of Episodic Memory
I remember not only when and where my last car accident happened but also remember that I was texting and my friends were in the same car talking about school and we were listening to our favorite music.
The defining characteristic of implicit memory is that ______
We are not consciously aware of the fact we have them and under the influence of them.
What is an example of Implicit Memory
Procedural memory
Priming (e.g., the propaganda effect)
Classical Conditioning
Define Procedural Memory
type of long-term memory involving how to perform different actions and skills
What is an example of procedural memory
Reading the words on this test
The Graf et al. experiment with Korsakoff syndrome patients and two control groups had two phases where the patients first performed the _________ and then _________ later.
Likability rating of 10 words; either surprise free-recall of the 10 words or word-fragment task.
(T/F) Graf and colleagues picked the 10 words for the likability rating so that they help the word-fragment task.
True
Graf and colleagues used Korsakoff syndrome patients so that ___________.
although the patients cannot explicitly remember the 10 words from the likability rating task, they can perform well in the word-fragment test with the help of the implicit memory of the 10 words that are related to the word-fragment task.
According to Craik & Tulving (1975) who did the levels-of-processing experiment, people remembered target words best when the questions (that proceeded the target words) were about ______.
Meaning (e.g., fit into the blank?)
4 memory effects introduced in Ch 7
Self- reference effect
Generation effect
Testing effect
Spacing effect
Describe the testing effect experiment
Participants read passages followed by math problems, as prep either re-read or recalled. Delay of 5 min, 2 days, 1 week.
testing self is better than re-reading
replicated in 8th grade history
Jenkins and Russell (1952) presented a list of words like “chair, apple, t-shirt, cherry, sofa, pants” to participants. In a test, participants recalled the words in a different order than the order in which they were originally presented. This result occurred because of __________________.
The spontaneous tendency of grouping items based on their categories.
Bransford and Johnson’(1972) had participants hear a passage about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend who lived in a tall building. The wording of the passage made it difficult to understand, but looking at a picture about the story made it easier to understand and memories the contents. The results of this study illustrated the importance of _________ in forming reliable long-term memories.
An organizational context (i.e., big picture/framework)
Your instructor introduced an example that was very similar to the above question. The example was about two boys playing ________.
A video game (Starcraft)
In Mantyla’s experiment, participants saw target words and generated 3 words related to target word. Those 3 words were presented as a retrieval cue in later recall. What were the results (3 examples)
performance dropped significantly for other generated cues
without cues, could still remember some words, but performance is poorer than cued condition
could remember majority with self generated cues
Encoding specificity suggests that _______________.
The context of learning is encoded along with the material being learnt, and can facilitate retrieval of the material if one has the same context as the encoding at retrieval.
According to the encoding specificity, background noise during test (i.e., retrieval) can improve your memory if ______________.
You had had the same noise during encoding.
When someone (not just Dr. J’s wife) is currently upset, she can easily recall some old events that had made her upset. This is an everyday example of the _______________.
Encoding specificity (especially, the state-dependent learning)
According to the transfer appropriate theory, processing the auditory aspect of stimuli during encoding can cause a better memory at later test than processing the meaning of stimuli during encoding, if ________ (2 examples)
Levels of processing theory is not always correct.
The test is made using the rhyming-questions
Describe Spacing Effect
Even when subjects believe that cramming works for them, for the most of the cases, spacing effect occurs (i.e., when they space out study times, they perform better)
Define Self Image Hypothesis (Reminiscence Bump)
memory is enhanced for events that had occurred as a person was forming self-identity
Define Cognitive Hypothesis (Reminiscence Bump)
busy period of life that is followed by a relaxed and stable period of life causes stronger memory about the busy period
Define Cultural Life Script (Reminiscence Bump)
personal events become easier to recall when they fit the schedule expected by one’s culture
What are the 3 hypotheses of Reminiscence Bump
Self-Image
Cognitive
Cultural Life Script
As a supporting evidence of the cognitive hypothesis of the reminiscence bump, researchers found that people who immigrated at the age of 34-35 show a reminiscence bump that is ______.
Postponed comparing to those of people who immigrated at the age of 20-24
Which Memory Effect is most closely related to the Cognitive Hypothesis of Reminiscence Bump
Self-generation effect
What is the effect of emotion on memory? (3 examples)
Emotional words or pictures are remembered better than neutral ones.
Without amygdala, memory enhancement by emotion would disappear.
Stress may enhance memory by releasing specific hormones (e.g., cortisol).
Define Flashbulb Memory
Memory for circumstances surrounding shocking or highly charged important events.
According to the experiment that involves emotional and neutral picture surrounded by color frames, people are ______ confident to recognize emotional pictures than to recognize neutral pictures, but their memory for the frame color is ________ accurate for the emotional pictures.
More; less
Describe Flashbulb Memories (4 examples)
Originally considered photographic memories that don’t alter
often have source monitoring errors (believe learned event from TV when that isn’t accurate)
higher confidence in recalling flashbulbs memories than daily memories
not necessarily more accurate than everyday memories
Bartlett’s experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the “War of the Ghosts” story that was based on Canadian Indian culture demonstrated the constructive nature of memory. Specifically, it demonstrated that memory is altered based on one’s ___________.
cultural background.
In the experiment in which participants sat in a psychology-experiment office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants “remembered” things, like books, that weren’t actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of on memory.
(scene) schemas
Loftus and Palmer’s “car-crash films” experiment shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a large change in eyewitness reporting (especially the estimated speed of the cars). In this study, the critical words were _______________.
“hit vs. smashed.”
What are results of eyewitness testimony experiments (3 examples)
more than 1/2 time viewers pick someone from line up as perp, even if real perp is not included
tend to pick familiar faces in lineup
confidence in testimony is affected by feedback from investigator
According to cognitive psychologists, it is better to have ________ lineup and ________ in the lineup.
Serial; fillers (someone similar to the suspect/perpetrator)
According to cognitive psychologists, it is better to have an administrator of the lineup procedure who _________ know whether or not the lineup has a real suspect/perpetrator while letting the eyewitness know that there _________ be the suspect.
Does not; may not
Cognitive interview technique should let eyewitnesses (2 examples)
Talk with minimal interruption / feedback
Recreate the situation/emotion that they had at the crime scene
