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Cognitive Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A
  • Branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind
  • Neisser coined the name
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2
Q

Cognition

A
  • Mental processes of thought such as attending, knowing, remembering, and making decisions
  • Happens in stages
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3
Q

Cognitive psychology characteristics (3)

A
  • Mental processes underlying basic behaviors
  • Data-driven, empirical approach
  • Called “information-processing” psychology
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4
Q

Donders-Decision processes

A

Decision time
Can’t measure decision making directly, but can infer through behavior

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5
Q

Structuralism

A

Experience is determined by combining basic elements of experience (sensations)

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6
Q

Wundt (3)

A

Believed that experience determined by combining basic elements
Done through analytic introspection
Studied behavior and mind under controlled conditions

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7
Q

Analytic introspection

A

Describing thought processes in response to stimuli

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8
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A

Used quantitative method for memory research
How fast info is learned and lost over time
Used lists of 13 nonsense syllables
Showed that memory can be quantified

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9
Q

William James

A

Taught Harvards first psychology class
Book Principles of Psychology based on his own observations on his mind
Not based on experiments

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10
Q

John Watson

A

Founds behaviorism
Introspection: produced highly variable results. Results hard to verify because based on invisible mental processes
Replaced the mind with observable behavior

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11
Q

Behaviorism (3)

A

What is the relation between stimuli and beahvior
Based on classical and operant conditioning
Goal was to predict and control behavior

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12
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Classical conditioning

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13
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

Animal research
Law of effect
Behavior followed by a reward are more likely to occur in the future

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14
Q

BF Skinner (2)

A

Operant conditioning
Schedules for reinforcement

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15
Q

Edward Tolman

A

Cognitive map

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16
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

Not all behaviors are a result of reinforcement

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17
Q

Cognitive Revolution (4)

A
  • Computer metaphor of the mind
  • Advances in cognitive neuroscience and neural (PDP) modeling
    1956
  • Important conferences across many disciplines
    1967
  • Ulrich Neisser published Cogntive Psychology book
  • Emphasize information-processing approach
  • Goal: use behavior to show how the mind works
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18
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

The physiological basis for cognition

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19
Q

Cognitive Psychology studies (3)

A

Experiment
Case study
Naturalistic observation

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20
Q

Cognitive Psychology methods used (4)

A

Behavioral
Recording, stimulation
Computer modeling/simulation
Cognitive neuropsychology

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21
Q

Charles Whitman

A

Nice and polite
Joined the marines
Became violent and shot many people
He had a brain tumor

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22
Q

Phrenology (3)

A

Franz Joseph Gall
Shape of skull indicates character
Brain is the organ of the mind

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23
Q

Localization of function

A

Support comes from brain damage

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24
Q

Hubel and Weisel

A

Feature detectors in cats
Neural specialization
Neurons prefer certain stimuli

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25
Distributed representation
Cognitive functions activate many brain areas
26
Cognitive processes
Created by many specialized brain areas all working together
27
Perception
The experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses Involves dynamic processes that accompany/support action
28
Bottom-Up Processing (3)
Stimulus driven Lowest to highest level Gathers data from our surrounding
29
Top-Down Processing (3)
Goal/knowledge driven Originates at the highest level Influenced by expectation and prior knowledge
30
Feature detector theory (3)
Objects are initially seen as set of basic features Perception work by combining features into coherent objects All objects can be broken down into sets of basic features
31
Pain perception (3)
Affected by expectations, attention, distraction Top-down processing Pain increases if attention is focused on it
32
Perceptual system (5)
Uses multiple sources of info Context Knowledge/experience Expectation Attention
33
Thatcher Illusion
Reducing top-down see them as okay Increasing top-down see them as grotesque
34
Muller-Lyer
Perceptual illusions occur when sensory stimuli are misinterpreted
35
Ames Room Illusion (3)
Manipulation of depth perception Brain assumes room is rectangular and floor is flat Room is a trapezoid
36
Gestalt Perceptual Organization
First experience the whole and then become aware of the parts
37
Gestalt Principles (6)
Figure-ground Good continuation Simplicity (pragnanz) Proximity Similarity Common Region
38
Figure Ground
Gestalt Tendency to organize the visual field into objects (figures) that stand apart from the surrounding (ground) Positive and negative space
39
Good Continuation
Gestalt Tend to see things as continuous rather than disjointed
40
Simplicity (pragnanz)
Gestalt Every pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is ASAP Low effort Prefer order to chaos
41
Proximity
Gestalt Things that are closer together appear to be more related than things spaced further apart
42
Common Region
Gestalt When objects are located within the same closed region, perceive them as being grouped together Related to proximity
43
Similarity
Gestalt When objects appear to be similar, mind may group them together and may assume they have the same function and exaggerate similarities Minimizes role of experience in perception
44
Oblique Effect
Perceive horizontals and verticals more easily than other orientations
45
Light from above assumption
Assume light comes from above
46
Semantic Regularities
Characteristics associated with the function carried out in types of scenes; meaning Often unconscious
47
Scene Schema
Knowledge of what a given scene contains
48
Neurons
Experience can shape the way neurons respond
49
Natural Selection
Characteristic that enhance animal’s ability to survive and reproduce will be passed on
50
Experience-Dependent Plasticity
Brain is changed by exposure to environment so it can perceive more efficiently
51
Perception Involves (4)
Inference Taking knowledge/experience into account Linked to action Perception is dynamic
52
Transduction
Process of converting one form of energy into another than our brain can use
53
Absolute Threshold
Minimum energy needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time Minimum: smell, light, sound, etc
54
Psychophysics
Quantitative relations between sensations and perceptions
55
Subliminal Perception
Below absolute threshold for conscious awareness
56
Prime perception
Activation often unconscious of certain associations predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response Respond to stimulus even if we aren’t aware
57
Subliminal Persuasion
Assumes We unconsciously sense subliminal stimuli We are processing this info unconsciously
58
Embodied cognition
Perception is influenced by our current physical abilities and potential actions
59
Visual agnosia (4)
Deficiency in the ability to recognize visual information despite being able to see it Sensory input okay Damage somewhere in what/where pathway Only applies to vision
60
Blindsight
Loss of conscious vision, but still able to make accurate discriminations and judgments about blind area
61
Prosopagnosia
An inability to recognize familiar faces Changes in skin when familiar people are shown
62
Capgras Syndrome
Face recognition is intact. But have no skin reaction to familiar vs unfamiliar faces See everyone as strangers
63
Prosopometamorphopsia
See faces as distorted Most recover fully or partially
64
Synaesthesia
Neurological condition that causes a blending/crossing of the senses
65
Attention
Ability to focus on specific stimuli Pool of mental effort that is selective, shiftable, and divisible
66
Selective attention in auditory
Different sentence is each ear. Focus on one and can still know bits of the other sentence
67
Attention Central Assumption
Attention is a limited capacity system. We cannot process all information at once Bottleneck
68
Early Selection Models
Claims we chose what to pay attention to based solely on physical characteristics of the message Meaning not considered
69
The Cocktail Party effect
Some info sneaks through unattended ear and is processed
70
Mackay’s experiment
- Bank words - Conclude: Most incoming info is processed to level of meaning before its selected for further processing
71
Processing capacity
Amount of info people can handle is limited
72
Perceptual Load
Related to task difficult Low and high tasks
73
Low load tasks
Use only small amount of capacity/attention Easy, well-practiced
74
High load tasks
Use more processing capacity/attention Difficult, not well practiced
75
Lavie’s Perceptual Load Theory of Attention (4)
- Distractors will only slow down process in low load tasks - Low load tasks have spare capacity that can have distractors. - High load tasks there are no resources are left - Less likely to be distracted when doing a difficult task
76
Ignoring irrelevant stimuli
Function of: Processing capacity Load ( high and low) How powerful irrelevant stimulus is
77
Inhibitory control
In social pressure condition, subjects were more likely to make socially inappropriate responses if their ability to inhibit was disrupted by divided attention vs full attention Cognitive inhibitory processes play an important role in the control of social behavior
78
Saccade task
Used to measure visual attention
79
Anti-saccade task
Used to investigate the capacity to suppress an automatic tendency to look at a visual stimulus
80
Flanker Task
Subjects are asked to identify a target stimulus surrounded by flanking stimulus that are either compatible or incompatible -Assesses how attention is influenced by surrounding stimuli
81
Kahneman’s Model
We can do multiple tasks if we do not exceed capacity Capacity is flexible
82
Switching attention
Even easy ones has a cost
83
Stimulus Salience
The features of objects in the environment attract our attention
84
Attentional Capture
When attention due to stimulus saliency causes involuntary shift of attention
85
Divided attention
Distribution of attention among 2+ tasks
86
Automatic Processes
Processes that require little or no attention Can be carried out in parallel with other processes
87
Controlled processes
Require more attention Are carried out in serial manner
88
Inattentional Blindness
We can be unaware of clearly visible stimuli if we aren’t directing attention Attention affect perception

EIU (9 decks)

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