Cognitive development in infancy, childhood and adolescence / Piaget's Theories

Question 1

intermodal processing is…

Answer 1

associating sensations of an object from different senses and matches their own actions to behaviours they have observed visually

Question 2

explicit memory requires maturation of

Answer 2

the hippocampus over at least the first 18 months

Question 3

by 10 months infants are..

Answer 3

already forming basic level categories for animals

Question 4

Leppanen, Richmond, Vogel-Farley, Moulson, and Nelson (2009), found that like adults,

Answer 4

infants were able to discriminate happy– sad (between category) differences in facial expressions and were not able to discriminate within category (happy– happy) facial expressions.

Question 5

Sensory processing occurs in

Answer 5

anatomically discrete neural modules

Question 6

By three months, infants pay more attention

Answer 6

to a person if speech sounds are synchronised with lip movements

Question 7

By four to five months, they

Answer 7

follow a conversation by shifting visual attention between two speakers

Question 8

Explicit memory refers to

Answer 8

memories that can be consciously recalled

Question 9

Implicit memory refers to

Answer 9

memory expressed in behaviour that may not be represented consciously

Question 10

Working memory involves

Answer 10

information held briefly in consciousness.

Question 11

Representational flexibility is the ability to

Answer 11

retrieve memories despite changes in the cues that were present at encoding

Question 12

complete development of explicit memory depends on ..

Answer 12

maturation of the hippocampi and the temporal lobes sometime between eight and 18 months

Question 13

in the earliest days of life, infants prefer

Answer 13

novel words to those to which they habituated a day before, suggesting recognition memory that lasts at least a day

Question 14

EEG recordings suggest that five-month olds can

Answer 14

tell the difference between tones of two different pitches — preferring the novel one — a day later

Question 15

rudiments of working memory can be seen by

Answer 15

six months of age, as infants appear to be able to hold spatial information in mind for three to five seconds

Question 16

Research also suggests that working memory deficits may eventuate in some children born prematurely or of low birth weight, due to

Answer 16

the impact of damage to, or early disturbance in, cerebral development

Question 17

Piaget had a keen interest in epistemology, the branch of philosophy concerned with

Answer 17

the nature of knowledge.

Question 18

Assimilation

Answer 18

involves interpreting actions or events in terms of one’s present schemas — that is, fitting reality into one’s existing ways of understanding. (fitting reality into existing knowledge)

Question 19

Schema

Answer 19

is an organised, repeatedly exercised pattern of thought or behaviour

Question 20

Accommodation

Answer 20

is the modification of schemas to fit reality.

Question 21

For Piaget, the driving force behind cognitive development is

Answer 21

equilibration

Question 22

Equilibration is..

Answer 22

balancing assimilation and accommodation to adapt to the world.

Question 23

According to Piaget, people assimilate and accommodate when

Answer 23

confronted with new information throughout their lives.

Question 24

At each stage of development, however, children use a distinct underlying logic, or ________ , to guide their thinking.

Answer 24

blank answer: structure of thought

Question 25

The same four stages (1), (2), (3), (4), occur in the same sequence for everyone,

Answer 25

Answer: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operational

Question 26

A fundamental principle of Piaget’s developmental theory is that.

Answer 26

every stage builds on the next, as children wrestle with problems their old structures will not resolve and work their way towards new solutions by trying out and adjusting schemas currently in their repertoire

Question 27

sensorimotor stage

Answer 27

infants think with their hands, mouths and senses, lasts from birth to about two years of age.

Question 28

Sensorimotor thought primarily takes the form of..

Answer 28

action

Question 29

According to Piaget, the practical knowledge infants develop during this period forms

Answer 29

the basis for their later ability to represent things mentally.

Question 30

object permanence

Answer 30

the recognition that objects exist in time and space independent of the child’s actions on, or observation of, them

Question 31

According to Piaget, before the age of about _______, an object such as a ball exists for an infant only when it is in sight. If it is hidden from view, it no longer exists.

Answer 31

blank answer: eight to 12 months

Question 32

During the sensorimotor stage children are extremely

Answer 32

egocentric

Question 33

preoperational stage begins roughly around (1)___ and lasts until (2)____.

Answer 33

(1) Answer: age two (2) Answer: ages five to seven.

Question 34

preoperational stage is…

Answer 34

characterised by the emergence of symbolic thought — the ability to use arbitrary symbols, such as words, to represent concepts.

(To put it another way, when children can play with the world in their minds, they no longer have to think exclusively with their hands or mouths.)

Question 35

Preoperational thought continues, however, to be limited by ____

Answer 35

egocentrism

Question 36

A related limitation of preoperational thought is

Answer 36

centration

Question 37

centration is

Answer 37

the tendency to focus, or centre, on one perceptually striking feature of an object without considering other features that might be relevant

Question 38

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development:
Sensorimotor

Answer 38

0-2 Years (Thought and action are virtually identical, as the infant explores the world with its senses and behaviours; object permanence develops; the child is completely egocentric.)

Question 39

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development:
Preoperational

Answer 39

2-7 Years (Symbolic thought develops; object permanence is firmly established; the child cannot coordinate different physical attributes of an object or different perspectives.)

Question 40

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development:
Concrete operational

Answer 40

7-12 Years (The child is able to perform reversible mental operations on representations of objects; understanding of conservation develops; the child can apply logic to concrete situations.)

Question 41

Piaget’s stages of cognitive development:
Formal operational

Answer 41

12+ Years (The adolescent (or adult) can apply logic more abstractly; hypothetical thinking develops.)

Question 42

Operations

Answer 42

are internalised (i.e., mental) actions the individual can use to manipulate, transform and then return an object to its original state

Question 43

conservation

Answer 43

basic properties of an object or situation remain stable (are conserved) even though superficial properties may be changed.

Question 44

Another hallmark of formal operational reasoning is

Answer 44

the ability to frame hypotheses and figure out how to test them systematically

Question 45

the time it takes to transition through the stage depends largely on

Answer 45

environmental factors.

Question 46

Piaget began his work studying

Answer 46

intelligence

Question 47

his theory is fundamentally about the way

Answer 47

intelligence develops in children.