Cognitive & Behaviouris Flashcards
Behaviourism
*Dominant force – 1920s to 1960s
*The new approach, behaviour therapy (BT), was a major shift away from the prevailing psychiatric treatment for psychological disorders (mainly medications and physical treatments), and fundamentally different from the psychoanalytic method.
*Deliberate move towards new school of psychology – revolution not evolution
*Psychology is the science of behaviour not the study of consciousness
The main players in behaviour
John B Watson
History of behaviourism
- Roaring 20s
- Brought hope – focus on environment meant
anyone could become anyone. - American Dream - Jesuits- Give you a child until the age of 7 and I will show you the man
- Egalitarian approach - if there is no such thing as human nature than no difference between people based on race/gender etc
What changed within spychology in the second half of the 20th century
While many behaviour therapists remain staunchly committed to the basic operant and respondent paradigm, in the second half of the 20th century, many therapists coupled behaviour therapy with the cognitive therapy, of Aaron Beck, Albert Ellis, and Donald Meichenbaum to form cognitive behaviour therapy
Desire to pay more attention to the humanistic concerns of
clients.
What was once labelled separately as behavioural and as
cognitive has now become irretrievably linked together as
cognitive-behavioura
1980’s psychology
In 1980s – emergence of the Third Wave – Mindfulness Third
wave methods emphasized such issues as mindfulness,
emotions, acceptance, the relationship, values, goals, and meta- cognition. New models and intervention approaches included acceptance and commitment therapy, dialectical behaviour therapy, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, functional analytic psychotherapy, meta-cognitive therapy, and several others
What is Habituation
Simplest form of learning
Decline in a tendency to respond to stimuli
that are familiar due to repeated exposure
We get used to things
Important to notice something when it’s
new – can’t keep noticing
Used to study the minds of non-verbal beings
What is Classical Conditioning
*Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
*Pavlov’s contributions to behavioural therapy were
accidental.
*Dog with food with bell
*Unconditioned stimulus – food
*Unconditioned response – salivating
*Pair unconditioned stimulus with neutral bell – neutral
stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus
Operant conditioning
*Championed by Skinner
*Learning what works and what doesn’t – choice
*How animals learn -
*Law of effect - tendency to perform an action is increased if
rewarded and decreased if not
*Positive Reinforcement & Negative Reinforcement
*Everywhere in daily lives – not much that we do that hasn’t
been influenced by operant conditioning
What is behaviorism today
Classroom – ‘behaviour modification – star charts, time outs.
Prisons – Token systems
Parenting
Drug & Alcohol
Social Learning Theory
Phobias – Desensitisation
Cognitive Therapies – 2nd Wave
*Ellis (Rational Emotive Behaviour Theray ) and Beck (CBT)
dissatisfied with ideas offered by Psychoanalysis
*Echo the idea of Greek, Roman & Eastern Philosophers who argued that the way we think about the world plays a role in our emotions & behaviours
*How we think (cognition), how we feel (emotion) and how we act (behaviour) all interact together. Specifically, our thoughts determine our feelings and our behaviour.
*Humans are biologically programmed to be both rational and irrational in their thinking
*The future of the client is not determined by the past. People have the power to change their thoughts, behaviours & feelings
What is the A-B-C Model
A – Activating Event
B – Perception of the Event guided by our
rational/irrational beliefs
C – Our belief determines the consequence
A does not cause C but is influenced by B
Where do problems come from?
11 irrational beliefs
These irrational ideas constitute the major causes
of emotional problems and maladaptive behaviour.
Ellis’s two most common irrational beliefs center
on approval from others (e.g., “If I am not liked and
approved by others, that is awful, and I am no
good”) and perfection (“If I don’t always do a good
job, then I am worthless”)
What are Schemas
- the unspoken rules or underlying core beliefs often
learned through childhood experiences - Schemas can be adaptive or maladaptive
- Schemas act as filters – filter out unwanted information so we can attend to that which we consider important
-Unhealthy schemas – prone to Negative Automatic Thoughts
- Developed to incorporate biological & evolutionary perspectives - genetic predisposition & stress responses – Negative Cognitive Triad
- These beliefs heighten impact of stressful or negative life events
- Negative Thoughts – Trigger Corresponding Emotions – Behavioural Responses
What are the Negative Automatic Thoughts? ( Ways of thinking that hinder our coping.)
- Selective Abstraction –> Forming conclusions based
on isolated events - Arbitrary inferences –> Draw conclusions about
events without sufficient evidence - Overgeneralisation - holding extreme beliefs on the basis
of a single incident - Magnification & minimisation –> events are exaggerated
- Labelling and mislabelling
- Personalisation –> relating external events to ourselves
even when no basis for connection - Dichotomous or black/white thinking –> always/never rather than sometimes
- Mental Filtering
- Mind reading –> ssuming we know what
others are thinking about us - Emotional Reasoning –> Assume our emotions
represent the way thingsactually are - Catastrophising
How does this approach support change?
*Focus is on the present, here and now, not on the past
*Therapist established link between maladaptive behavior and client’s thoughts
*Identify Specific goals for change
*Use Socratic questioning
*Assist clients to restructure their thoughts/schema
*Clients learn new functional self-statements, alternative interpretations, different perspectives
