Cognitive-Behaviour Therapies

Question 1

What do cognitive-behavioural therapies techniques help clients with?

Answer 1

Understand problems, see patterns of irrational thought, evaluate behaviours based on more rational thinking, and teach new skills to promote self regulation

Question 2

What are some cognitive processes?

Answer 2

Thoughts, perceptions, beliefs, expectations, attributions and self statements

Question 3

How did Skinner contribute to Cognitive Behaviour Therapies?

Answer 3

He gave behavioural interpretations of psychoanalytic terms (like repression), and he wrote about “clinical behaviour analysis” which was about applying radical behaviourism to outpatient adult behaviour therapy

Question 4

When did the term ‘behaviour therapy’ emerge and what did it refer to?

Answer 4

It emerged in the late 1950s and referred to the respondent conditioning treatments of anxiety disorders

Question 5

What was the focus of therapy in Cognitive Restructuring Therapies?

Answer 5

It focused on changing faulty thinking patterns and reducing dysfunctional thought processes directly or indirectly through overt behavioural interventions

Question 6

Who developed Rational-Emotional Behaviour therapy and who did he develop it for?

Answer 6

Albert Ellis developed it and it was developed to help people change irrational thought with the idea that change will come if you change your cognitive thinking

Question 7

Explain the Rational Emotional Behavioural Therapy:

Answer 7

ABCDE paradigm (not Skinner’s ABC)
A- Activating events occur
B- Beliefs: our irrational interpretations about what the activating events mean
C- Consequences: cognitive, behavioural, and emotional reactions to the activating events, interpreted through out beliefs
D- Dispute: irrational beliefs in therapy
E- Emotional relief follows recognition of the irrationality of one’s belief

Question 8

What are the three types of dispute in REBT?

Answer 8

Empirical/Scientific dispute: What evidence is there that this belief is true?
Functional dispute: Is my irrational belief helping me or does it make things worse?
Logical dispute: Is this belief logical?

Question 9

According to Ellis, what are the three main irrational beliefs?

Answer 9

1. I must win the approval of others
2. People must treat me considerably and if they dont then screw them
3. I must get what I want and it will be terrible if I dont get it

Question 10

What are the three steps in identifying irrational beliefs

Answer 10

1. identify thoughts based on irrational beliefs
2. challenge irrational beliefs
3. teaching clients to replace thoughts based on irrational beliefs with thoughts based on rational beliefs
   - -> the idea is that the therapist is confrontational

Question 11

Is REBT effective?

Answer 11

It has some merit in empirical support like changing irrational thoughts in alcoholism, but the confrontational nature doesn’t work well with some clients with some disorders

Question 12

What is Cognitive Therapy and who developed it?

Answer 12

Aaron Beck developed CT, and it holds that faulty and negativistic thought patterns lead to behavioural and emotional problems

Question 13

In CT, what are Automatic thoughts?

Answer 13

They are maladaptive (irrational) cognitions that are automatically generated by distorted stored beliefs

Question 14

Explain the Negative Triad

Answer 14

It is the negative thoughts toward oneself, the world and the future

Question 15

Define Dichotomous (polarized) thinking

Answer 15

All or none evaluations

Question 16

Define Overgeneralization:

Answer 16

A rule or belief is applied too broadly

Question 17

Define Arbitrarily Inference:

Answer 17

Drawing inaccurate conclusions based on insufficient, ambiguous or contrary evidence

Question 18

Define Magnification:

Answer 18

An exaggeration of the meaning or impact of an event

Question 19

Define Selective abstraction:

Answer 19

attending to a particular detail while ignoring the overall context

Question 20

Define Personalization:

Answer 20

Erroneously attributing an external event to yourself

Question 21

What approach does CT use?

Answer 21

CT uses a collaborative approach between client and therapist

Question 22

Who is Self Instruction Training developed for and who developed it?

Answer 22

Donald Meichenbaum developed SIT and it was originally developed for to treat developed children’s behaviour

Question 23

What are the basic steps in Self instruction training?

Answer 23

1. Identify the problem situation, define desirable target behaviour and competing behaviours
2. Identify self instructions to be used in the problem situation (cue cards may be used)
3. Use behavioural skills training to teach self instructions

Question 24

Explain the four types of Behavioural skills training used in SIT

Answer 24

Modelling: adult model performs task while using self instructions
Instructions: child is given deliberate strategy to follow, where the adult gives instructions while the child performs
Rehearsal: child practices task while verbalizing instructions aloud, and instructions are gradually faded
Feedback: performance is immediately evaluated, praise or other reinforcers are given for correct performance

Question 25

Are Self instructions effective?

Answer 25

It has been successfully applied to impulsive behaviours, schizo behaviours, anger, obesity, bulimia, poor body image, deficits in assertive behaviours…etc. but not for social anxiety and personality disorders. Even though it was developed for children, it can be used on adolescents and adults