Cognitive Approach Flashcards
Cognitive approach assumptions
- Behaviour is the result of a mental process
The brain works like a computer
Multi-store model of memory (MSM)
-Three characteristics of MSM:
-sensory memory
-short term memory
-Long term memory
Sensory memory
-capacity very high
-duration very short
-encoding visual,acoustic,other senses
Short-term memory
-capcity Limited (7+2 items)
-duration short around 30 seconds
-visual and mainly acoustic
Long-term memory
-capacity practically unlimited
-Duration can last a life time
-encoding semantic based on meaning
Process of remembering (three parts)in LTM
- recover memory with external aid (cues) or without cues - recall
- A partial element in our memory that helps us to remember the rest of the concept - cue
- A form of retrieve memory where a concept is identified from previous experience - recognition
Reconstructive memory - schemas
Mental packages and beliefs constitute our view of the world and will guide our behaviour
Reconstructive memory - shortening
We remember only part of the memory
Reconstructive memory - confabulation
We add elements to our memories to adapt them to our schemas
Reconstructive memory - rationalisation
We transfer elements in our memories to adapt them to our schemas
Reconstructive memory
The process of adapting information of Factual events to our schemas when storing or retrieving that info from LTM
Priming
When we perceive a stimulus, it’s triggers a reaction in us, such as behaviours, emotions, or cognitions
Association priming
A stimulus is linked to another stimulus
Semantic priming
Two stimuli have similar meanings
Repetition priming
We perceive a stimulus previously, so we can recognise it in the future
Cognitive/ memory scripts
-information stored in our memory that guide our behaviour in certain situations
-events are ordered sequentially, and each one has a purpose
Person schema
Info is stored in our memory about which personality traits go together. This schema guides our impressions (frequently biased) about other people’s personalities and behaviour
Cognitive biases
Distorted schemas that we create from reality, which affect our attention, memory, and decision-making
Confirmation bias
We pay more attention to (and recall more easily) info that supports our existing beliefs. we may seek it out and ignore contradictory info
Fundamental attribution error (FAE)
In explaining the reasons for others’ behaviour, we focus on their personal characteristics and overlook the role of the situation
Hostile attribution bias (HAB)
A tendency to assume that someone else’s behaviour has an aggressive or antagonistic motive when it’s actually neutral
