Cognitive Approach Flashcards
Capacity, duration, encoding:
Sensory memory
- Very large
- 1-2 seconds
- Variety of ways
Capacity, duration, encoding:
Short-term memory
- 7 items
- 30 seconds
- acoustic
Capacity, duration, encoding:
Long-term memory
- very large
- indefinitely
- semantic
Define:
Retrieval
The process of getting information out of storage
Name:
Key assumptions of the cognitive approach
- Human brain can be compared to a computer
- Behaviour can be understood through study of internal mental processes
Define:
Memory
The process of storing information over time
Name:
Components of memory
Encoding/storage/removal
Define:
Encoding
How information is processed
Name:
Types of encoding
Visual/acoustic/semantic
Define:
Cue
Stimuli that acts as prompts to recall information in long term memory
Define:
Schema
(organise + interpret)
Cognitive framework to organise and interpret information
Explain:
Reconstructive memory
- Memory is a reconstruction not a reproduction
- Information is pieced together into a narrative
- Gaps are filled with logical information
Name:
Failures of reconstructive memory
- Shortening
- Rationalisation
- Confabulation
Define:
Shortening
Details are missed out of memory
Define:
Confabulation
Gaps caused by unfamiliar concepts are filled by familiar concepts
Define:
Rationalisation
Memories are altered to make more logical sense
Define:
Cognitive scripts
(how to behave)
Type of schema used to recall or recognise how to behave in response to certain stimuli
Define:
Person perception
(past stimuli)
Forming impressions of other people based off past stimuli
Why is person perception neccessary?
Allows us to interpret others quickly and with some degree of accuracy
Define:
Cognitive priming
(later response)
Exposure to stimulus influences a later response to the same stimulus
Name:
Types of priming
- Repetition priming
- Semantic priming
- Associative priming
Define:
Repetition priming
Recognising the same prime more quickly after repeated exposure
Define:
Semantic priming
Prime and later stimulus have the same or similar meaning, allowing the later stimulus to be processed faster
Define:
Associative priming
Prime and later stimulus have different meanings but are related
Define:
Cognitive bias
Biases and errors in the way we process information
Define:
Fundemental attribution error
explaining other peoples behaviour as being due to personal flaws VS. your own as a victim of circumstance
Define:
Hostile attribution bias
interpretating the actions of others as hostile, regardless of intent
Define:
Confirmation bias
the tendency to seek out and interpret information to fit our pre-conceived biases
Name:
The key assumptions of the social approach
- Behaviour occurs in a social context
- Behaviour is influenced by other people, our culture, and society
Name:
The key concepts of the social approach
- Conformity
- Informational social influence
- Normative social influence
Name:
The types of conformity
- Compliance
- Identification
- Internalisation
Define:
Conformity
Social influence that involves changing beliefs or behaviour to fit into a group
Define:
Normative social influence
In a group of people there are social norms, people within the group will follow these to fit in
Define:
Informational social influence
An individual assumes that the group is correct, mostly occuring when the answer is unclear or someone is seen to have authority
Define:
Compliance conformity
An individual accepts influence to achieve a favourable reaction from an individual/group
Define:
Identification conformity
individuals accept influence to establish/maintain a self-defining relationship with an individual/group
Define:
Internalisation conformity
An individual adopts a viewpoint because it aligns with their morals
Define:
Social Categorisation
Putting people into groups based on shared characteristics
Define:
Ingroup
A group that we personally identify with
Define:
Outgroup
A group that we do not personally identify with
Define:
Group
Two or more humans who interact with each other
Define:
Group cohesion
Forces that pull members of a group closer together
Define:
Group roles
A set of behaviours expected of a person in a specific position in a group
Define:
Groupthink
The desire for consensus, people will set aside personal beliefs to adopt the opinion of the group
Define:
Social facilitation
Individuals will work better on a task when working with other people
Define:
Self-concept
The individuals belief about themself, including attributes and what the self is
Define:
Self image:
Your personal view of yourself
Define:
Self esteem
The opinion you have of yourself
Define:
Self confidence
Your belief in your capacity to execute behaviours
