cognitive approach Flashcards
What is duration?
duration is the length of time material can be kept in a memory store.
Sensory Memory (SM)
Memory stores for each of our five senses.
Capacity - very high
Duration - brief, one for each of our senses
Encoding - however long it takes to encode information from senses
What is Encoding?
The process of converting information from one form to another so that it can be stored in the various memory stores and passed between them.
What is Capacity?
the amount of material that can be kept in a memory store.
Long-term memory (LTM)
Permanent memory
Capacity - unlimited
Duration - permanent
Encoding - semantic
Short-term memory (STM)
Limited capacity memory store
Capacity - between 5 and 9
Duration - temporary store (up to 30 seconds)
Encoding - mainly acoustic
Evaluation of three memory stores
+ knowledge of memory stores, e.g. limited capacity of STM can be increased through ‘Chunking’.
+ evidence showing there are three memory stores with different characteristics
- a lot of research is not typical of everyday memory
What is remembering?
the activity of retrieving information from a memory store.
What is recall?
in free recall the individual generates information without a cue. In cued recall, a cue assists retrieval of information
What is person perception?
The mental processes we use to form judgements and draw conclusions about the characteristics and motives of other people.
What are memory scripts?
General descriptions of what occurs and when it occurs in a particular situation which predicts expected rules and behaviours.
What is recognition?
A form of memory retrieval where you identify something based on previous experiences
What is a cue?
A trigger that allows us to access material in memory. Cues can be meaningfully linked to material or can be linked without meaning by being encoded at the time of learning.
Memory scripts
Knowledge of behaviours, roles, outcomes etc. stored in memory tell us what to expect in a social situation and how to behave.
What is fundamental attribution error (FAE)?
In explaining the reasons for other peoples behaviours, we focus on their personal characteristics and overlook the role of the situation.
What is Hostile Attribution Bias?
A tendency to assume that someone elses behaviour has an aggressive or antagonistic motive when its actually neutral.
What is confirmation bias?
We pay more attention to information that supports our existing beliefs. we may seek it out and ignore contradictory information.
Cognitive Biases?
Errors in how we process information that affect our attention, memory and decision making.
what are cognitive scripts?
information stored in memory that describes the behaviours typical in a given situation, which we retrieve to guide our behaviour.
Associative priming?
we process a stimulus more quickly because we earlier encountered a stimulus that is often paired with it.
Semantic priming?
we process a stimulus more quickly because we earlier encountered a stimulus related to it in meaning.
Repetition priming?
we process a stimulus more quickly because we encountered it earlier.
Cognitive priming?
we notice a stimulus more quickly when we see or hear a related stimulus.
Stimulus that affects how you respond to a second stimulus.
Priming / prime
