Cognitive Approach

Question 1

What are the assumptions of the cognitive approach?

Answer 1

Internal mental processes
Computer analogy
Schemas

Question 2

What are internal mental processes?

Answer 2

Human use cognitive processes to make sense of the world around them
We use internal mental processes- memory, language, attention, decision making and perception
Processes all work together to understand the world

Question 3

What is a psychological example for internal mental processes?

Answer 3

To study internal mental processes, psychologist use introspection, participant describes how a task/ stimulus makes them feel
Griffiths = asked p’s to use introspection when playing on a fruit machine, interested in the processes gamblers and non regular gamblers made, asked to think out loud, regular gamblers made more irrational verbalisations than non regular gamblers

Question 4

What is computer analogy?

Answer 4

Human mind works in similar ways to a computer
Computer receives its input, processes it, through display, storage, and output
Senses work as input, information stored and retrieved when needed

Question 5

What are schemas?

Answer 5

Organised packs of information
Built through experience
Derived from past experiences, can be refunded through further interactions with people and the world around us

Question 6

What is the cognitive therapy?

Answer 6

Cognitive behavioural therapy

Question 7

What are the main components of cognitive behavioural therapy?

Answer 7

Dysfunctional thought diary
Pleasant activity scheduling
Cognitive restructuring

Question 8

What does CBT contain?

Answer 8

Cognitive and behaviourst techniques
Both client and therapist play a major role

Question 9

What is the dysfunctional thought diary?

Answer 9

Clients asked to record any unpleasant emotions
They should then record the thought associated with events and rate how much they believe the thoughts
They are then required to write a rational response to the automatic thought and rate their belief in the rational response
Clients should re reste their belief in the automatic response

Question 10

What is cognitive restructuring?

Answer 10

Client reveals about their thought patterns
They can work together to change the negative thinking pattern
They are asked to challenge their thinking and look for evidence instead of assuming

Question 11

What is pleasant activity scheduling?

Answer 11

Asking the client to plan each day, one pleasant activity to engage in
Will induce more positive emotions, will detract from negative thinking
Behavioural activation technique- helping clients change their behaviour

Question 12

What is the effectiveness of CBT

Answer 12

Research support
Therapist competence
Individual differences
Empowerment

Question 13

What is the research support of CBT

Answer 13

Jarret et al = CBT as effective as some antidepressants, 108 patients with severe depression over 10 week trial
Hollon = no difference in CBT when compared with anti depressant drug, in 107 patients over 10 weeks

Question 14

What is the therapist competence evaluation of CBT?

Answer 14

Ability to structure sessions, plan and review assignments
Kuyken and Tsivrikos 15% of variance in outcomes of CBT effectiveness may be attributable to therapist competence

Question 15

What is individual differences evaluation of CBT?

Answer 15

CBT less useful to people who have high levels of irrational believes that are ridged and resistant to change
Less suitable in situations where there are high levels of stress

Question 16

What is empowerment evaluation of CBT?

Answer 16

Recognises that people have free will
Alternative to drug therapy, where it takes a deterministic view of this is your genetic makeup

Question 17

What are the ethical issues of CBT

Answer 17

Patient blame
What is rational?

Question 18

What is the patient blame evaluation of CBT?

Answer 18

Claims the client is responsible for their disorder
External factors such as family issues can be overlooked, blame the individual for feeling this way

Question 19

What is the what is rational evaluation of CBT?

Answer 19

Who judges what an irrational thought is
Therapist deems what is irrational
Alloy and Abrahamson = depressive realists see things for what they are, sadder but wiser effect
CBT may damage self esteem = psychological harm

Question 20

What is the classical evidence for cognitive approach?

Answer 20

Loftus and Palmer
Example of the interaction between language and memory

Question 21

What was the methodology and procedure of Loftus and Palmer

Answer 21

Experiment 1 = 45 students
Experiment 2 = 150 students
Independent measures design
Independent variable = the verb that was used
Dependent variable = estimate speed and whether the participant saw broken glass

Question 22

What is the procedure of experiment 1 in Loftus and Palmer

Answer 22

7 films of accidents
45 participants asked critical questions “how fast were the cars going when they _____”
hit, collided, bumped or contracted
The speed estimate was recorded

Question 23

What is the procedure of experiment 2 in Loftus and Palmer

Answer 23

150 participants watched one clip of car crash
50 participants were asked how fast when they smashed
50 participants how fast when they hit
50 participants not asked about speed of the car
1 week later “did you see any broken glass?” No broken glass in the video

Question 24

What we’re the findings of Loftus and palmer? Experiment 1

Answer 24

Smashed = 40.8mph
Collided = 39.3 mph
Bumped = 38.1 mph
Hit = 34 mph
Contacted = 31.8 mph

Question 25

What were the findings in experiment 2 of Loftus and Palmer

Answer 25

Broken glass yes
16 smashed
7 hit
6 control
Broken glass no
34 smashed
43 hit
44 control

Question 26

What were the conclusions of Loftus and Palmer of experiment 1

Answer 26

Response bias factors, there was a change in the subjects memory representation of the accident

Question 27

What were the conclusions of experiment 2 in Loftus and Palmer

Answer 27

Leading questions alter the participants memory
Not response bias but alters the memory

Question 28

What is the ethical issues evaluation for Loftus and palmer

Answer 28

Deception
Consent

Question 29

What is the deception evaluation

Answer 29

Participants were deceived during the study
Participants were asked deliberately leading questions in order to test their memory

Question 30

What is the consent evaluation

Answer 30

Participants did not give fully informed consent
They were not aware of the aims of the research

Question 31

What are the social implications evaluation for Loftus and palmer

Answer 31

Benefits for society

Question 32

What are the benefits of society of Loftus and palmer

Answer 32

Les to new developments in questioning techniques used by the police
Police now more aware of the effect of the questions they ask
Unreliable eyewitness testimony’s are costly economically and to society
Retrials and cimpensation means the government have to spend a lot of money for the unreliable eyewitnesses
If they individuals are wrongfully convicted, it means the real criminal is in society and go on to commit more crimes

Question 33

What is the methodology and procedures evaluation for Loftus and palmer

Answer 33

Sample issue
Reliable research
Lack of ecological validity
Good control of extraneous variables

Question 34

What is the sample issue of Loftus and palmer

Answer 34

The sample is only students
Likely to share many characteristics
Eg lack of driving experience

Question 35

What is the reliable research evaluation of Loftus and palmer

Answer 35

Participants watched the same videos
Asked the same questions
The procedure was very standardised
All participants had a consistent experience

Question 36

What is the lack of ecological validity evaluation of Loftus and palmer

Answer 36

Particpants watched staged video clips of accidents rather than real accidents
May have changed the participants reaction to the stimuli

Question 37

What is the good control of extraneous variables evaluation of Loftus and palmer?

Answer 37

The order of the seven clips were changed for participants
Some participants may have watched video 1 first, others may have seen it last
Should prevent the order having an impact on the results