Cognitive Approach

Question 1

Reconstructive Memory

Answer 1

Theory of reconstructive memory suggests memory is a not a passive retrieval of information from one’s LTM but rather an active recreation of the event in the mind every time it is remembered

Recognises 2 kinds of info: info obtained during perception of the event and external post-event info – suggests memory’s unreliability as multiple factors e.g. leading questions may affect a memory

Humans are cognitive misers meaning we take mental short cuts = instead of storing exact replicas of events, our minds store overall ideas and we fill in these gaps when recalling the memory using prior knowledge (schemas) - reconstruct the memory

Loftus and Palmer (1974)

Loftus and Palmer aimed to investigate how info provided after an event had occurred influenced the memory of a witness. In this case, the information provided was a change in a critical question.

Method: Lab experiment

Procedure: Procedure: 45 students from Uni of Washington were shown 5-30s film clips of car crash videos. After each film ppt’s completed a questionnaire asking about details of the accident. The critical question was ‘about how fast were the cars going when they ‘hit’ each other?’ – the verb ‘hit’ was changed to to ‘smashed’, ‘contacted’, ‘collided’ and ‘bumped’ in different conditions

Results: ‘smashed’ - 40.8mph, ‘collided’ 39.3mph and ‘contacted’ 31.8mph

Conclusion: Speed estimated by participants was moderated by the verb used to describe the intensity of the crash: greater intensity conveyed by verb = higher speed estimate.

Post-event information, such as a change in wording of a leading question, can influence the details an individual encodes after an event which suggests that memory may not be reliable

Yuille and Cutshall (1986)

Question 2

MSM

Answer 2

Murdock (1962)

MIller (1956)

Question 3

WMM

Answer 3

Landry and Bartling (2011)

Question 4

DST

Answer 4

Evans (2003)

McClure et al (2004)

Question 5

OB

Answer 5

Branstrom (2006)

Sharon et al (2011)

Question 6

FBM

Answer 6

Brown and Kulik (1977)

Sharon et al (2007)

Question 7

Schema Theory

Answer 7

Branford and Johnson (1972)

Anderson and Pichert (1978)

Question 8

Two positive effects of digital technology on cognitive processes

Question 9

Two positive effects of digital technology on the reliability of cognitive processes

Question 10

Two positive effects of digital technology on emotion and cognition

Question 11

Two negative effects of digital technology on cognitive processes

Question 12

Two negative effects of digital technology on the reliability of cognitive processes

Question 13

Two negative effects of digital technology on emotion and cognition

Question 14

GLO: RM used to study cognitive processes

Question 15

GLO: EC used in the study of cognitive processes

Question 16

GLO: RM used to study reliability of cognitive processes

Question 17

GLO: EC used in the study of reliability of cognitive processes

Question 18

GLO: RM used to study emotion and cognition

Question 19

GLO: EC used in the study of emotion and cognition

Question 20

GLO: RM used to study the interaction between DT and cognitive processes

Question 21

GLO: RM used to study the interaction between DT and the reliability of cognitive processes

Question 22

GLO: RM used to study the interaction between DT and emotion and cognition