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cognition midterm 1 > cognition midterm 1 > Flashcards

cognition midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

cognitive revolution

A

new style of research aimed at questions about memory, decision-making, etc.

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2
Q

two key ideas of the cognitive revolution

A

psychology cannot study the mental world directly; psychology must study the mental world to better understand behavior

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3
Q

2 early perspectives of cognition

A

behaviorism and introspection

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4
Q

introspection main dude

A

wilhelm wundt (also titchener)

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5
Q

introspection

A

psych needs to focus on study of conscious mental events, which can only be done by “looking in”

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6
Q

can regular people introspect?

A

no, must be meticulously trained

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7
Q

issues with introspection

A

some thoughts are unconscious, but mostly you cannot “test” it

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8
Q

behaviorism main guys

A

skinner an watson

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9
Q

behaviorism

A

behaviors can be observed, recorded, measured, and so can stimuli + the environment, so let’s ONLY study that and ignore the mind completely

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10
Q

problem with behaviorism

A

the mind and how we interpret situations plays a huge role in behavior

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11
Q

solution to 2-key-idea-issue, proposed by Kant

A

transcendental method; begin with observable facts and then work backwards; inference to best explanation

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12
Q

what did Tolman argue (rat mazes)?

A

learning is not simply a change in behavior but also the acquisition of new knowledge

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13
Q

what did Tolman’s rats demonstrate?

A

cognitive maps, latent learning

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14
Q

who rebutted skinner?

A

chomsky

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15
Q

what did gestalt psychologists think? (two things)

A

can’t understand things “part by part” also perceiver shapes their own experiences

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16
Q

bartlett’s main idea

A

schemas

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17
Q

broadbent idea

A

computers are like minds

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18
Q

frontal lobes contain

A

prefrontal area and primary motor projection area

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19
Q

occipital lobes contain

A

primary visual projection area

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20
Q

parietal lobes contain

A

primary sensory projection areas -> attention

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21
Q

temporal lobes contain

A

primary auditory projection area, Wernicke’s area, amygdala, hypothalamus

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22
Q

the visual system relies on a _____ ___ ______ approach, apparent in area ___

A

divide and conquer; V1

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23
Q

parallel processing

A

divide and conquer, all specialized areas active at the same time; alt. to serial processing

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24
Q

parallel processing benefits

A

speed, mutual influence among multiple systems

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25
Q

what system pathway

A

occipital lobe to temporal lobe

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26
Q

where system pathway

A

occipital lobe to parietal cortex

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27
Q

what system function

A

identification of visual objects

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28
Q

where system function

A

guides your actions based on your perception of where an object is located

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29
Q

lesions in the what system lead to ______, an inability to recognize visually presented objects

A

visual agnosia

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30
Q

the binding problem

A

the task of reuniting various elements of a scene that are initially addressed by different systems in different parts of the brain

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31
Q

does interpretation of an input happen before or after you start cataloguing the features

A

before!

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32
Q

the “LIFT” shape illusion shows how

A

features depend on how the form is organized by the viewer

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33
Q

conjunction errors

A

correctly detecting features but make mistakes about how they are bound together

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34
Q

being shown a blue H and red T but reporting a red H and blue T is an example of a

A

conjunction error

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35
Q

the fact that we are able to recognize things despite variation (ex. can still recognize words despite different fonts) shows us that

A

object recognition involves some complexity

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36
Q

bottom-up/data-driven processing

A

processes directly shaped by the stimulus

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37
Q

top-down/concept-driven processing

A

recognition influenced by relying on your knowledge

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38
Q

visual search tasks

A

where you are asked to examine a display and judge whether a particular target is present or not

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39
Q

slower or faster RTs when searching for a target with a combination of features?

A

slower

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40
Q

integrative agnosia, caused by damage to the _____ _____, means

A

parietal lobe; fine at detecting features but struggle to judge how the features are bound together to form complex objects

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41
Q

mask

A

interrupts any continued processing for the stimulus just presented; often a random jumble of letters or patter

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42
Q

priming

A

a process through which one input or cue prepares a person for an upcoming input or cue

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43
Q

repetitive priming

A

a pattern of priming that occurs simply because a stimulus is presented a second time; processing is more efficient on the second presentation

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44
Q

selective attention

A

the skill through which a person focuses on one input/task while ignoring other stimuli

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45
Q

selective attention often displayed through

A

dichotic listening

46
Q

dichotic listening

A

paying attention to one input and ignoring the other

47
Q

shadowing

A

repeating back what was heard, word for word

48
Q

what does it mean when we say people can usually still hear the “physical attributes” of the unattended channel?

A

if it was music versus speech versus silence, gender of voice, volume, etc.

49
Q

the suggestion of filtering, blocking the processing of inputs you’re not interested in, is a possible explanation for

A

general insensitivity to but also possible leakage of unattended channel

50
Q

inattentional blindness

A

people fail to see a prominent stimulus even when they’re staring right at it

51
Q

change blindess

A

observers’ inability to detect changes in scenes they’re looking directly at

52
Q

early selection hypothesis

A

unattended input receives little analysis and is never processed

53
Q

late selection hypothesis

A

all inputs receive the same level of analysis and selection occurs after; impacts what you remember

54
Q

repetition priming comes from

A

the environment

55
Q

expectation-driven priming comes from

A

your previous knowledge/expectations of the stimulus

56
Q

expectation-driven priming has a (bigger or smaller) cost than rep. priming

A

bigger; when misled, much slower RT than neutral

57
Q

expectation-driven priming has a ______-capacity system

A

limited

58
Q

spatial attention

A

the mechanism through which someone focuses on a particular position in space

59
Q

orienting system

A

disengages from one target, shifts attention to and engages on new target

60
Q

alerting system

A

keeps brain on alert state

61
Q

executive system

A

controls voluntary actions

62
Q

three systems of attention

A

orienting, attention, executive

63
Q

large part of paying attention involves

A

priming; for stimuli you don’t care about, you don’t bother to prime, but for those you do care about, you anticipate the input to prime the relevant processing channel

64
Q

endogenous control of attention

A

you control what you pay attention to

65
Q

exogenous control of attention

A

an element seizes your attention

66
Q

do people pay attention to regions in space or to objects?

A

both

67
Q

unilateral neglect syndrome shows us that

A

people pay attention to both objects and regions in space

68
Q

spatial attention/where system uses the _____ attention system (location)

A

dorsal

69
Q

nonspatial attention/what system uses the ____ attention system (location)

A

ventral

70
Q

attention is an ______, not a cause, and an _______, not a process or mechanism

A

effect; achievement

71
Q

divided attention

A

multitasking

72
Q

you can perform concurrent tasks only if

A

you have the resources for both

73
Q

simultaneous tasks are easier (less interference) if they are

A

very different from one another

74
Q

resources work like

A

an energy supply, or budget

75
Q

a higher perceptual load increases or decreases inattentional blindness

A

increases

76
Q

one mental tool especially important

A

executive control

77
Q

executive control does 3 main things

A

keeps current goal in mind (ignores habits), makes sure mental steps are organized in the right sequence, and shifts plans/strategies

78
Q

t/f: executive control can handle many tasks at a time

A

false; can only handle one task at a time, putting limits on multitasking

79
Q

what area of the brain is crucial for executive control

A

the prefrontal cortex

80
Q

perseveration error

A

tendency to produce the same response over and over even when clear that task requires a change in response

81
Q

goal neglect

A

failing to org. behavior in a way that moves towards goal

82
Q

why does practice make things easier?

A

requires fewer resources, you have been repetitively primed to it, becomes a habit

83
Q

con to automaticity

A

because it does not need control, it becomes uncontrolled

84
Q

the stroop interference effect shows us the

A

con to automaticity

85
Q

EEGs use these two methods

A

brain waves and ERPs

86
Q

EEGs help to identify

A

when things happen in the brain

87
Q

the auditory BEEP vs BOOP task using ERP is evidence for _____ selection, because it showed what?

A

early selection; showed an early difference in neural processing that occurs at a particular time - at the N1 ERP

88
Q

difficult tasks typically use ___ selection, but easier ones usually use ____ selection

A

early; late -> “oh this is difficult, let me focus in and put processing toward it”

89
Q

repetition priming is ____-__ while expectation-driven priming is ___-____ (bottom up vs top down)

A

bottom-up, top-down

90
Q

in the GC/GG priming experiment, the type of signal allowed us to look at ______, while the validity conditions (high vs low) allowed us to look at ______

A

cost vs benefit; rep. vs expectation priming

91
Q

overt attention

A

systematically moving your head/eyes to see what is going on (physical movement)

92
Q

covert attention

A

you keep your eyes fixated on whatever you’re looking at but shift your attention to something else

93
Q

the attention network task (no cue, double cue, center cue, spatial cue) did what?

A

able to isolate efficiency scores for all 3 networks - orienting, alerting, executive

94
Q

executive control is strongly connected with ____ _____

A

working memory

95
Q

the frontal lobe is for

A

motor functions and executive functions

96
Q

the occipital lobe is for

A

visual information processing

97
Q

the parietal lobe is for

A

touch and pressure

98
Q

the temporal lobe is for

A

auditory processing and memory

99
Q

contralateral organization

A

the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body and vice versa

100
Q

t/f: the bigger the body part, the more cortex devoted to it

A

false: the more important the info, the larger the cortex

101
Q

language is primarily associated with the left or right hemisphere?

A

left

102
Q

target

A

the item you are looking for

103
Q

distractor

A

the items you need to search through to find the target

104
Q

pop-out search

A

change in 1 feature

105
Q

conjunction search

A

change and combination of 2 or more features

106
Q

what is easier/quicker, a pop-out search or a conjunction search?

A

pop-out search

107
Q

the starry night illusion demonstrated

A

specialization of the brain areas; activating the area with the spinning, then once removed, brain area is fatigued so we still see the spinning occurring

108
Q

what would happen to attention if we had unlimited capacity?

A

there would be no need for it

109
Q

the ponzo and myer illusions (lines w dot pattern surrounding) is evidence for

A

late selection; they could not report the patterns of the dots but still said top line appeared larger, meaning they still unconsciously processed the dots

110
Q

the artifact-vs-natural experiment was evidence for

A

late selection; they couldn’t identify the prime but still were more accurate with the target when the prime was same word or category as the target

cognition midterm 1 (2 decks)

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