cognition- judgement

Question 1

definition of judgement

Answer 1

estimate the probability of a given event occurred based on incomplete information

Question 2

what is heuristics?

Answer 2

• people make considerable use of rules of thumb or heuristics when making judgement (tversky and kahneman, 1974)
• heuristic is a mental shortcut that helps people make judgements and decisions more quickly with less effort

Question 3

what are the 2 different types of heuristics?

Answer 3

• representativeness heuristic
• availability heuristic

Question 4

representativeness heuristic

Answer 4

the assumption that an object or individual belongs to a specific category because it is representative of that category

Question 5

availability heuristic

Answer 5

people make judgements about the likelihood of an event based on how easily an example, instance, or case comes to mind

Question 6

what are the 3 judgement theories?

Answer 6

• support theory
• fast and frugal heuristics
• dual process theory

Question 7

support theory

Answer 7

• argues that more explicit descriptions increase subjective probability
• an explicit description often draw attention to aspects of the event less obvious in the non- explicit description, especially when people have strong feelings about the descriptions
• memory limitations may prevent people remembering all the relevant information if it is not supplied

Question 8

strengths of the support theory

Answer 8

• there is empirical evidence supporting the theory
• it shows how availability heuristic can lead to errors to judgement

Question 9

disadvantages to support theory

Answer 9

• the theory does not specify when and how the availability heuristics can lead to errors on probability judgement
• the theory cannot explain the situation where explicit descriptions reduce subject probability
• the theory does not take into account the role of emotion in judgement

Question 10

fast and frugal heuristics

Answer 10

heuristics are often valuable. they allow rapid processing of relatively little information

Question 11

strengths of fast and frugal theory

Answer 11

• supported by empirical evidence
• effective in spite of its simplicity
• likely to be used when information redundancy is high

Question 12

limitations of fast and frugal theory

Answer 12

• heuristics is less often predicted theoretically
• individual differences have been ignored
• underestimates the value of general purpose and logical reasoning

Question 13

dual process theory