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Perception and Cognition > Cognition and Emotion > Flashcards

Cognition and Emotion Flashcards

1
Q

What evolutionary constraints do living animals have as well as survival and reproduction?

A

Unconscious mind and cognitive biases

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2
Q

What are overwhelming emotions?

A
  • Central to who we are and what we do
  • Not a regular emotion
  • Can change the way we think
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3
Q

Give examples of overwhelming emotions

A
  • joy/ecstasy
  • grief
  • love
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4
Q

What are moral emotions?

A
  • Regulates social behvaiour and social status

- Interpersonal

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5
Q

Give examples of moral emotions.

A
  • Anger
  • Disgust
  • Shame
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6
Q

What are subtle emotions?

A
  • Occur in our everyday lives
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7
Q

Give examples of subtle emotions.

A
  • Boredom

- Happiness

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8
Q

Why do we have emotions?

A
  • Guide our lives and we learn from them
  • Provide meaning to life
  • Related to mental health
  • Chronic negative emotions can lead to life feeling miserable and not worth living
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9
Q

What is the role of emotion?

A

To monitor our current state and adjust behaviour

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10
Q

What are primary emotions?

A

Used mostly for survival and so animals share these with humans e.g. happiness, sadness

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11
Q

What are secondary emotions?

A

Uniquely human emotions e.g. remorse and hope

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12
Q

What are the 3 main aspects of emotion?

A
  • Cognitive component
  • Overt expression of internal state
  • Physiological experience e.g. heart rate
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13
Q

What evidence is there that emotion is a basic biological process and not a learnt behaviour?

A
  • No differences between blind or sighted athletes in terms of facial actions of facial emotion configurations.
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14
Q

How do we physically show emotion?

A
  • Facial Expressions

- Body language

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15
Q

Why is emotional expression important?

A
  • Social interactions
  • Allows us to infer how others are feeling/thinking
  • Relevant to approaching/avoiding others
  • Significant for attracting friends and intimate partners
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16
Q

How are emotions related to autonomic arousal?

A
  • Emotions are usually accompanied by arousal of the autonomic nervous system
  • E.g. release of adrenaline, heart rate, breathing, blood pressure changes
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17
Q

How does a polygraph test work?

A
  • Measures indicators of autonomic reactions to inhibiting the truth (e.g. sweating and heart rate)
  • Most people find lying stressful
  • Galvanic skin response (GSR)
  • Skin conductance response (SCR)
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18
Q

What are the 2 main theories of emotion?

A
  • James-Lange theory

- Cannon-Bard theory

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19
Q

What is the James-Lange theory?

A
  • An embodied account of emotion

- Feedback from the body causes an emotional response

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20
Q

Explain the James-Lange theory?

A
  • feedback from your body subsequently feeds into the cognitive awareness system
  • e.g. we feel happy because we are smiling
  • Fake it til you make it
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21
Q

What evidence is there for James-Lange theory of emotion?

A
  • Laughing (thinking jokes are funnier when smiling already)
  • Botox injections (inhibiting movement of muscles associated with worry/anxiety can reduce feelings of depression)
  • Beta blockers (suppressing signals from the body e.g. suppressing pounding heart rate and tight chest from anxiety to reduce anxiety)
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22
Q

What is the Cannon-Bard theory?

A

Emotions can be experienced independently of body states such as autonomic responses - AR’s can be ambiguous and slower than the experienced emotion.

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23
Q

How is the amygdala linked with emotion?

A
  • Fight or flight
  • Receives rapid visual info from the thalamus
  • More primitive part of the brain
  • Encoding of stimuli often subconscious and faster than conscious processing
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24
Q

In monkeys, how do amygdala lesions impact emotion?

A
  • Result in Kluver-Bucy syndrome
  • Impaired learning from emotional stimuli
  • Impairs their ability to know things like snakes are dangerous
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25
Q

How do amygdala lesions impact humans?

A

Impairs the recognition of fear in other faces with some deficit of other emotions such as anger and distrust.

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26
Q

How is the anterior cingulate cortex linked to emotion?

A
  • Processing emotional aspects of pain
  • Empathy: activates when others in pain
  • Involved in detecting errors to avoid errors in the future
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27
Q

How is the insula linked to expression perception?

A
  • Patients with Huntington’s have deficits in recognising expressions of disgust
  • Linked to the amount of insula damage
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28
Q

How is the insula linked to disgust?

A
  • Involved in processing emotional aspects of disgust essential for survival in avoiding poison
  • activates when others are disgusted
  • also disgusted by people such as drug addicts and homeless (increased insula activity)
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29
Q

How is the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) linked to emotion?

A
  • Computes the current motivational value of rewards

- also associated with with regret - when we make a choice and the reward is less than we hoped

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30
Q

How is the ventral striatum linked to emotion?

A
  • stimulating ventral striatum associated with pleasure and reward
  • part of the dopamine network
  • sex, drugs, rock & roll
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31
Q

How does the attentional blink task work?

A

Presenting stimuli one after the other and the basic task is to see is there is an X in the line of list. Most people can say yes. It’s not only the X but also to name the white leader (about 50% accurate)

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32
Q

Why do we use the attentional blink task?

A

To investigate emotional pre-attentive processing.

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33
Q

How do you make the attentional blink task emotive?

A
  • Fifteen words briefly presented sequentially
  • Observers asked to ignore words in black and to indicate the identity of the two target words in green
  • T2 is emotional
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34
Q

What effects were shown from the emotive attentional blink task?

A
  • Control PPs show reduced attentional blink effects when T2 is emotional
  • Rapid pre-attentive processing of emotion facilitates perceptual processes.
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35
Q

How does bilateral amygdala damage affect attentional blink task results?

A
  • Showed no difference between emotional and neutral stimuli
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36
Q

How do moral, emotional, and moral + emotional stimuli affect the attentional blink task?

A
  • They capture attention to a greater extent than neutral words
  • Words related to both morality and emotion are prioritised in visual attention (explaining why they go viral)
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37
Q

What has the attentional blink study shown us? (3)

A
  • High level semantic processes such as word recognition take place unconsciously in a rapid sequence
  • The amygdala is important for emotional word processing
  • The emotional and moral content of tweets facilitates conscious detection
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38
Q

What evidence is there that emotional stimuli captures attention?

A
  • Stroop task

- Pop-out effects

39
Q

How does the stroop task suggest that emotional words capture attention?

A
  • Emotional words disrupt naming the ink
40
Q

How do pop-out effects suggest that emotion captures attention?

A
  • Emotional, esp angry faces, do capture attention

- Live creatures capture attention

41
Q

Do emotional stimuli maintain attention?

A
  • When attention is oriented to an angry face, it is harder to withdraw
  • Response to the target was slowed when previously attending to an angry face and now have to orient to opposite side of the screen
  • Attentional blink task also demonstrates that it is hard to disengage attention from emotional stimuli
42
Q

How can anxiety influence the interpretation of ambiguous stimuli?

A
  • Those perceiving ambiguous stimuli with anxiety perceived the negative meaning such as ‘die’ rather than ‘dye’ and ‘pain’ rather than ‘pane’
  • ‘examining emily’s growth’ - height or cancer?
43
Q

How are attention, fragrance, and mood linked?

A
  • Study examined whether manipulating mood via fragrance could facilitate such demanding attention tasks
  • Results provide evidence to indicate that fragrances can enhance signal detectability in a task demanding sustained attention.
  • A pleasant fragrance can improve performance on a vigilance task
44
Q

What is the link between disgust and perceptions of obese women?

A
  • Disgust predicted prejudice
  • Obese women elicited more disgust + had more unfavourable attitudes towards her including wanting social distance + more negative stereotypes
45
Q

What is the link between disgust and gay men?

A
  • Strong negative attitudes towards gay men
  • Lack of support for gay marriage
  • More disgusted by gay men than lesbian women
  • Homonegativity
46
Q

How do animal studies show that gaze behaviour is a basic process?

A
  • Chimps understand social meaning of eye gaze
  • Dogs read human eye gaze where wolves do not
  • Pigs are socially intelligent and also look for eye contact
47
Q

Explain attention and liking in children.

A
  • They think someone likes something more simply because they are looking at something
48
Q

Explain attention and liking in adults?

A
  • When our attention is repeatedly oriented towards an object by another person, we start to like the object more
49
Q

What are primary reinforcers?

A
  • Food and water - need to stay alive
50
Q

What are secondary reinforcers?

A
  • Associated with primary reinforcers

- E.g. money needed to exchange for food and water

51
Q

What is emotional classical conditioning?

A
  • Autonomic conditioning: bodily responses e.g. rapid heart rate + sweating (mosy studied is fear conditioning)
  • Evaluative conditoning: conscious preference to like a stimulus more or less (most studied is adverts)
52
Q

What parts of the brain are associated with autonomic physiological conditioning?

A

Mediated by the amygdala

53
Q

What parts of the brain are associated with evaluative conditioning?

A

Conscious explicit report mediated by the hippocampus

54
Q

How is conditioning used in advertising?

A
  • Product paired with positive unconditioned stimulus such as a famous actor and the neutral product becomes associated with the positive stimulus - becoming more positively evaluated by people
55
Q

How effective is evaluative conditioning?

A
  • Results suggest unconcsious conditioning can make us like different things, even nonsense words
56
Q

How is operant conditioning applied to emotions?

A
  • Social rewards
  • How others respond to our behaviour shapes and influences what we do and say in the world
  • Being successful or prestigious is rewarding & feels good
57
Q

What does motivation for goal-directed behaviour depend on?

A
  • The expected value of the anticipated reward
58
Q

Do participants respond faster to social or monetary rewards?

A
  • Significantly faster for all levels of reward compared to no reward
  • Male PPs reacted faster to monetary stimuli
  • Females did not differ with type or magnitude
59
Q

What brain areas are activated when anticipating monetary and social rewards?

A
  • Men: activation in the prospect of monetary rewards encompasses a wide network of mesolimbic brain regions compared to limited for social
60
Q

How does the striatum respond to monetary and social rewards?

A
  • activations for both types of reward in left

- mPFC was significantly enhanced when a subject’s own reputation was presented, regardless of the reward level

61
Q

How does social media behaviour reflect operant conditioning?

A
  • More passive behaviour e.g. scrolling (social comparison)
  • More active behaviour e.g. posting
  • gives a trickle of notifications to keep you coming back (variable ration reinforcement)
62
Q

How can observational learning be applied to monkeys?

A
  • Monkeys are afraid of snakes just like most people

- When captive monkeys are exposed to wild monkeys to are scared of snakes, they start to evoke fear responses

63
Q

What is the mirror system?

A

A subset of neurons in premotor cortex fire when the monkey carries out a particular action and when it sees the same action being carried out by another person.

64
Q

What is the chameleon effect?

A
  • People unconsciously mimic the postures of the people they interact with resulting in pro-scoail behaviour
  • When people are in comfortable social situations
65
Q

What is the chameleon effect in the workplace?

A
  • When a person’s actions are mimicked, they tend to like the mimicker more (e.g. waitress getting more tips)
66
Q

What is emotional mimicry?

A
  • When observing the emotional response of another individual, learning might be facilitated by simulation (we feel what they are feeling)
  • Our own facial muscles copy those of another person
67
Q

What is the zygomaticus?

A

Muscle which allows us to smile

68
Q

What is the corrugator?

A

Muscle which allows us to frown

69
Q

How does mimicry apply to zygomaticus and corrugator muscles?

A
  • When PPs looked at another person who is happy, there was increased activity of the zygomaticus muscle
  • When people are looking at another person who is angry there was increased activity of the currogator muscle
70
Q

What is the mere exposure effect?

A

It is possible to change an emotional response without any associations with positive or negative stimuli.
By passively presenting neutral stimuli, they can become more preferred.
- Stimuli that have been presented in the past are preferred more than novel stimuli

71
Q

Is the mere exposure effect conscious?

A

No, the effect is stronger when people are unaware of the stimuli.

72
Q

Explain the link between arousal and memory.

A
  • Arousal influences memory consolidation more than emotion valence
  • Arousal can be associated with neutral stimuli like numbers
  • Negative emotional reaction can lead to arousal + arousal can help store memories
73
Q

What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law

A

At either arousal ends, efficiency of memory is quite poor

74
Q

How do people recall highly arousing pictures after a year?

A

Better than low arousing pics

75
Q

Why does increased arousal facilitate memory?

A

Automatic encoding of emotion that facilitates consolidation.
We are primed to encode emotional information because of survival and reporoduction.

76
Q

What brain structures are involved in arousal-memory interactions?

A

Amygdala moderates emotional memory

- If the amygdala is more active, stimulus is more likely to be recalled later

77
Q

How does short-term stress affect memory?

A

Pre-talk stress reduced a person’s ability to retrieve information from memory

78
Q

How does short-term stress affect attention?

A

Short term mem: Impaired
Verbal fluency mem: Impaired
Stroop interfeence: unaffected

79
Q

What is long-term stress?

A
  • Individual is under stress for prolonged periods
  • Hormonal changes
  • Glucocorticoids are stress hormones released from the adrenal gland
80
Q

What are the affects of glucocorticoids being released?

A
  • reduced firing rate of hippocampal neurons
  • impaired memory performance
  • hippocampal atrophy after long-term exposure to stress
81
Q

How do we test long-term stress in humans?

A
  • Drugs that artificially increase glucocorticoid levels and compare to placebo
  • Case-studies
82
Q

What do drug studies show about the effects of long-term stress on humans?

A
  • After 4 days there was evidence for impaired memory performance
83
Q

What evidence is there that stress causes hippocampal atrophy?

A
  • PTSD patients show hippocampal attrophy (associated with memory)
84
Q

Does PTSD cause hippocampal atrophy or do smaller hippocampi predict PTSD?

A
  • Size of hippocampus is negatively correlated with PTSD

- Results suggest individuals who have a normal hippocampus are protected from developing PTSD even after combat

85
Q

What is state-dependent retrieval?

A

E.g. being drunk and you may not be able to recall when sober.

86
Q

What is the link between extreme mood and memory?

A
  • Actions may be carried out in extreme emotion such as rage

- In up to 30% of cases, culprit claims to have no memory

87
Q

Explain selective encoding of mood congruent material?

A
  • e.g. sad readers attend more to sad material and identify more with a sad character from a story, and recalled more about that character
  • here emotion serves as a memory unit & aids retrieval
88
Q

What is the Velten technique?

A
  • Studying effects of mood on perception and memory
  • PPs fill in a Qnaire to assess mood
  • Mood induction procedure e.g. Velten where PPs read self-referential statements
  • Or show funny or sad movie or listen to exciting/depressing music
  • Second Qnaire to check mood change
89
Q

What results were found from the Velten technique?

A

More happy memories recalled when induced to feel happier and vice versa

90
Q

Explain automatic mood induction via odor

A
  • Technique so PPs don’t know emotion effects on memory are being investigated
  • positive or negative states in a subtle way
91
Q

What effects were found on mood induction via odor?

A
  • Pleasant odor reduced retrieval of negative memories
92
Q

What are flashbulb memories?

A
  • Accurate memories, almost like a photograph

- Recalling details like where they were and who they were with at the time

93
Q

What is positive memory bias?

A
  • we remember more happy events and things about our lives
  • could be because we experience more happy things in our lives
  • improves our wellbeing

Perception and Cognition (5 decks)

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