Cognition and development Flashcards
Level 0
Undifferentiated (egocentric)
3-6 years
Level 1
Social informational
6-8 years
Level 2
Self reflective
8-10 years
Level 3
Mutual (third party/ bystander)
10-12 years
Level 4
Societal/ conventional
12-15+
2 undifferentiated characteristics
- incapable of taking perspective of others
- Cannot distinguish between own emotions and others
2 social informational characteristics
- realise others have different perspectives
- can only focus on one perspective
2 self reflective characteristics
- Recognise that perspectives may differ
- cannot consider both at the same time
2 mutual characteristics
-Can simultaneously consider their own and another perspective
- Can anticipate how others will react to opposing viewpoints
2 societal characteristics
- perspectives are compared to the general consensus in society
-Realise that social conventions must be adhered to, to keep order
2 strengths of sleman
+The stories found a positive correlation between age and perspective taking
+Practical applications (e.g pair therapy)
2 limitations of selman
- low temporal validity
- Research was culturally biased
Theory of mind
the personal understanding of what others are thinking and feeling
2 strengths of ToM
+Sally anne task supports the importance of ToM
+ Findings are reliable (smarties/ pencils study)
2 limitations of ToM
- Language ability is required
- Methodological issues
2 strengths of tom autism
+ supporting evidence (baron Cohen’s sally anne paradigm)
+ can develop tom in those with autism
what are mirror neurons
brain cells that activate when we observe actions carried out by another person and this cell activation is the same as if we’d carried out the action ourselves
2 strengths of mns
+supporting evidence (rancid butter)
+ fits with evolutionary theory
2 limitations of mns
- Research was carried out on animals
- scans have poor temporal resolution
2 limitations of mns
- Research was carried out on animals
- scans have poor temporal resolution
