Cognition and development Flashcards
Level 0
Undifferentiated (egocentric)
3-6 years
Level 1
Social informational
6-8 years
Level 2
Self reflective
8-10 years
Level 3
Mutual (third party/ bystander)
10-12 years
Level 4
Societal/ conventional
12-15+
2 undifferentiated characteristics
- incapable of taking perspective of others
- Cannot distinguish between own emotions and others
2 social informational characteristics
- realise others have different perspectives
- can only focus on one perspective
2 self reflective characteristics
- Recognise that perspectives may differ
- cannot consider both at the same time
2 mutual characteristics
-Can simultaneously consider their own and another perspective
- Can anticipate how others will react to opposing viewpoints
2 societal characteristics
- perspectives are compared to the general consensus in society
-Realise that social conventions must be adhered to, to keep order
2 strengths of sleman
+The stories found a positive correlation between age and perspective taking
+Practical applications (e.g pair therapy)
2 limitations of selman
- low temporal validity
- Research was culturally biased
Theory of mind
the personal understanding of what others are thinking and feeling
2 strengths of ToM
+Sally anne task supports the importance of ToM
+ Findings are reliable (smarties/ pencils study)
2 limitations of ToM
- Language ability is required
- Methodological issues
