Cognition

Question 1

What does cognition mean?

Answer 1

THINKING- the process of perceiving and storing information, decision making etc

Question 2

What is an eye witness?

Answer 2

Someone who has witnessed an event first hand

Question 3

What is the assumption of the cognitive area?

Answer 3

Assumes behaviour is influenced by inner mental process

Question 4

What 2 things can affect memories as an eyewitness?

Answer 4

• what we actually see

- information gained after an event (e.g leading questions)

Question 5

What is the aim of l&f first experiment?

Answer 5

To investigate whether leading questions given after witnessing an event can Influence memory

Question 6

What is the aim of l&f second experiment?

Answer 6

Whether memory of accidents can be changed/ distorted by verbs

Question 7

What is a leading question?

Answer 7

The language used when questioning eyewitnesses May lead then to give certain answers

Question 8

How many participants took part in l&f?

Answer 8

• 45

- 150 (50 in each category)

Question 9

Where were the participants from? L&f

Answer 9

• students from university of Washington

Question 10

What was the procedure for l&f 1st

Answer 10

7 film clips were watched of traffic accidents
They were given a questionnaire which asked them to describe what they saw and answers a ‘hidden’ critical question
The very changed depending on condition

Question 11

What was the critical question for 1st l&p?

Answer 11

How fast were the cars going when they… into each other?

Estimated in mph

Question 12

What were the 5 verbs?

Answer 12

Smashed
Hit 
Collided
Bumped
Contacted

Question 13

What was the mean estimate of speed when the cars SMASHED?

Answer 13

40.8mph

Question 14

What was the mean estimate of speed when the cars CONTACTED

Answer 14

31.8mph

Question 15

What was the conclusion of l&p experiment 1?

Answer 15

Memory is affected by leading questions- the intensity of very changed memories

Question 16

What was the procedure for l&p experiment 2?

Answer 16

All participants watched a 1 min film clip of multiple 4 second accidents
They were asked a question - “how fast were the cars going even they…. into each other?”
Allocated 3 conditions
Went home for 1 week
Asked the closed question

Question 17

What was the 3 conditions for l&p

Answer 17

Smashed
Hit
Control

Question 18

What was the closed question? L&p

Answer 18

“Did you see any broken glass? Yes or no”

Question 19

What are the results for experiment 2 l&p?

Answer 19

Response. Smashed. Hit. Control
Saw. 16. 7. 6
Didn’t 34. 43. 44

Question 20

What is the conclusion from l&p2

Answer 20

Leading questions after an event can reconstruct a persons memory

Question 21

What is context dependent memory?

Answer 21

When we remember better if the context is the same at encoring and retrieval

Question 22

Why did grant want to study cdm?

Answer 22

To build in research

To see if students memory recall in exams could improve by having the same context at e & r

Question 23

What was the aim of grants study?

Answer 23

If performance on memory test is improved when the environment is the same at encoding and retrieval compared to different environments

Question 24

Who took part in grants study?

Answer 24

• 40 participants - 39
• 17-56 age
• 17 female, 23 male
• mean age 23.4

Question 25

What was the procedure for grant?

Answer 25

Participants were allocated 1 of the 4 conditions
8 experiments randomly assigned participants
A lead researched assigned one participant to remove bias

Question 26

What were the 4 conditions?

Answer 26

Noisy noisy
Silent, silent
Silent, noisy
Noisy silent

Question 27

What was the procedure for grant?

Answer 27

Standardised instructions (voluntary)
Read an article on psychoimmunology 
Studied in silent or noisy 
All wore headphones 
Reading time was recorded 
2 min break I between testing 
Rested without headphone 
Short & multiple choice questions 
Debrief

Question 28

What does standardisation improve in a study?

Answer 28

Reliability

Question 29

What is the conclusion for grants study?

Answer 29

Memory is improved by environment when context is the same

Students perform better if minimal background noise as not present in exams