Cognition Flashcards
The Pinna
The outer ear
The typanic membrane
The ear drum
-Hammer
-Anvil
-Stirrup
Ossicles
Receives sound vibrations from the ossicles
Oval window
Receptor cells in the cochlea
Hair cells
The nerve that carries sound information from the ears or he temporal lobes of the brain
Auditory Nerve
-A tube that connects the middle ear to the back of the nose
-It equalizes pressure between your nose and the air outside
Eustachian Tube
Organs in the inner ear used in sensing body orientation and balance (vestibular sense)
Semicircular canals
-Relies on fluid in the semi circular canals of the inner ear
-Spinning in circles disrupts the fluid
Vestibular sense
The process by which our sensory system and nervous system receive stimuli from the environment
Sensation
5 senses
-Visual (eyes)
-Audio (ears)
-Cutaneous/tactile (touch)
-Olfacation (smell) (nose)
-Gustation (taste) (tongue)
-The process of organizing & interpreting sensory information
-How we recognize, interpret, & organize our sensations
Perception
-Information processing that focuses on raw material entering through the eyes, ears, & other organs of sensation
Bottom-up processing
-Information processing that focuses on expectations & experiences in interpreting incoming sensory info
Top-down processing
-An edge or a boundary
-For sensations, it is the point where you either sense a stimulus or dont
Absolute Threshold
-The minimum difference that a person can detect between 2 stimulus 50% of the time
Just Noticeable Difference
-The greater the magnitude of the original stimulus, the larger the difference must be in order to get noticed
Webers law
-Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus to the exclusion of others
-The ability to focus on one stimulus at a time
-Allows a person to function in a world filled with many stimuli
Selective attention
-Cones are pre-set to be sensitive to red, green, & blue. All the colors that we see are combinations of those 3 colors
The Trichromatic Theory
-Color blindness is due to a lack of one of the 3 types of cones
-Usually the red or green receptors are missing
-It is inherited
Dichromatism
When a person has 1 or no functioning cones in their eyes (complete color blindness)
Monochromatism
-Explains after images
-Sensory receptors in the retina come in pairs:
> Red and green
> Yellow and blue
> Black and white
Only one side is on at a time
Opponent process theory
-A sounds highness and lowness in tone
-Dependent on the frequency of the sound wave
The higher the frequency the higher the ___
Pitch
-Different frequencies in sound waves cause vibrations at different places Places in the cochlea
Place Theory
-Different frequency of the sound vibrates the inner ear at a different rates. The vibrations equal the frequency of the sound waves
Frequency Theory
-There is a limit to how fast hairs on a neuron can fire
-To hear really high frequencies, hair cells take turns firing so that while some are recharging, other cells are firing
Volley Theory
-Middle ear damage
Conduction deafness
-Hair cell or auditory nerve damage
Nerve deafness
-The system for sensing the position & movement of individual body parts
Kinesthetic sense
Taste sensations
-Sweet
-Sour
-salty
-bitter
-umami
Skin senses
-Pain
-Warmth
-Cold
-Pressure
-Pain messages travel on one set of nerve fibers containing pain gates
-The gas are open when pain is felt
-Other sensory messages go through another set of fibers
-The non-pain fibers can close the pain gates to stop the sense of pain
Gate Control Theory
-Focusing on a specific piece of information or stimulus while actively ignoring other irrelevant stimuli present in the environment
Selective attention
We perceive images as a group or whole objects not isolated elements
Gestalt Psychology
Factors that influence how we will group objects
-Closure
-Proximity
-Similarity
Smaller images are more distant
Relative size
Coarse > close
Fine > distant
Texture gradient
A closer object blocks a more distant object
Interposition/overlap
Hazy objects are seen as more distant
Lighter objects seem closer
Darker objects seem farther away
Relative Clarity
Parallel lines meet with distance
Linear perspective
-Closer objects seem to move faster than farther objects
Relative motion/motion parallax
Eyes move inward for near objects
Convergence
Images from 2 eyes differ
Binocular disparity
-A perceptual phenomenon that occurs when a change in your visual stimulus is introduced and it goes unnoticed
Change blindness
The failure to notice something unexpected in your field of vision because you are not looking for it
Inattentional blindness
