Cognition

Question 1

What is a heuristic?

Answer 1

A mental shortcut that allow people to solve problems and judgements quickly and efficiently.
What should I major in? - What I find satisfying

Question 2

What is an “Available heuristic”?

Answer 2

A type of cognitive bias that helps us make fast but sometimes incorrect assessments. We use info that comes to mind quickly.

Question 3

What is a base rate?

Answer 3

Initial probability

Question 4

Why do people ignore base rates?

Answer 4

When you think something is true by ignoring the low odds of it occuring. ex. ur in middle east, dying from terriost attack or traffic accident? base rate says traffic.

Question 5

What is a normative approach?

Answer 5

A value based approach. An approach that focuses on how things should be, rather than are.
ex. young person wants followers. Why? to be more socially a

Question 6

What is confirmation bias?

Answer 6

People’s tendency to process information by looking for, or interpreting info that is consistent w/ their beliefs. ex, how we perceive the news

Question 7

Forward and Backward chaining?

Answer 7

F: Move the current state toward goal state
B: opposite

Question 8

mental set?

Answer 8

A mental set is a tendency to only see solutions that have worked in the past.

Question 9

the misinformation effect?

Answer 9

the tendency for the information you learned after an event to interfere with your original memory of what happened

Question 10

habituation?

Answer 10

a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations. ex. no longer hearing the loud fridge u thought was annoying.

Question 11

Why do you not notice your clothes during the day?

Answer 11

Sensory adaption

Question 12

Perceptual salience?

Answer 12

The perceptual salience is basically the information that captures the attention of the individual from a given situation or stimulus

Question 13

Cones are for what?

Answer 13

Color

Question 14

Rods are for?

Answer 14

vision at low light levels (scotopic vision)

Question 15

In which part of the eye can you find rods and cones?

Answer 15

retina

Question 16

In classical conditioning, which of the following involves learning?

Answer 16

neither acquisition nor extinction

Question 17

Sensitization

Answer 17

a non-associative learning process that leads to increased responsiveness to a stimulus and is considered complementary to habituation (noticing the stimulus.)

Question 18

Inductive Reasoning?

Answer 18

a type of reasoning that involves drawing a general conclusion from a set of specific observations. Most universities and colleges in Utah ban alcohol from campus. Therefore most universities and colleges in the U.S. ban alcohol from campus.

Question 19

Deductive Reasoning?

Answer 19

All men are mortal. Joe is a man. Therefore Joe is mortal. If the first two statements are true, then the conclusion must be true.

Question 20

A problem solving strategy such as forward chaining is an effective problem strategy when:

Answer 20

you can see all possible moves and can pick the one which will move you closer to your goal state.

Question 21

In Sperling’s classic study, he showed participants an array of 12 letters in three lines and then gave them a signal to direct their attention to the letters on one of the three lines of the array. This method allowed Sperling to study…

Answer 21

he duration and capacity of sensory memory

Question 22

Which of the following statements explains why objects in our peripheral vision tends to be perceived less sharply than objects in our direct focus?

Answer 22

Cones, which are specialized for visual acuity, are less dense at the edges of the retina.

Question 23

Which part of the eye is involved in the process of accommodation?

Answer 23

lens

Question 24

When you watch sporting events on TV, people sitting in the bleachers at the very top of the stadium often appear to be the same size as people sitting in the seats much closer to the cameras, even though they project much smaller images on your retina. This is an example of size ___________.

Answer 24

size/perceptual constantancy

Question 25

Marcus is color-blind because he lacks cone receptors for wavelengths of light in the red spectrum. Marcus’s inability to see the color red illustrates a deficit in the process of ______________________.

Answer 25

sensation

Question 26

The form of memory that holds information long enough for you to pay attention is…

Answer 26

sensory memory