Cognition

Question 1

Lateralisation

Answer 1

Division of labour in l/r hemisphere

Question 2

Information is exchanged across the longitudinal fissue via

Answer 2

Corpus callosum (results from axonal myelination)
Anterior commissure
Posterior commissure
Hippocampal/fornix commissure
Habenular commissure

Question 3

Auditory connections:

Answer 3

hemisphere pays more attention to contralateral side.

Question 4

Define epilepsy and provide treatments

Answer 4

neuro condition, synchronised neural activity.

Treatments: antiepileptic drugs, surgical removal of focus. Severing corpus callosum may be effective – called split brain operation, which prevents neural exchange across hemispheres.

Question 5

Right hemisphere is responsible for

Answer 5

comprehending spatial relationships, patterns, language comprehension and emotion.

Question 6

Consolidation of memory

Answer 6

Suggested to rely on protein synthesis. Significant time variability, eg emotional events

Question 7

Amnesia

Answer 7

Inhibition of transcription and translation

Question 8

Hippocampus

Answer 8

forming learning and memory loop in cortex. Vulnerable to atrophy (depression and Alzheimer’s)

Question 9

Alzheimers

Answer 9

dementia categorised by gradual decline in memory. Neural degeneration seen in cortical and subcortical regions.

Question 10

Amyloid hypothesis

Answer 10

APP broken down, Amyloid beta produced, plaques formed in synapse. Amyloid can detach tau proteins (stabilising microtubules), leading to a breakdown of microtubules

Question 11

Working memory

Answer 11

assessed using delayed response task

• Phonological loop (Brocas and wernickes)
• Visuospatial sketchpad (occipital lobe and right hemisphere)
• Episodic buffer (Parietal lobe)
• Executive control (DLPFC and ACC)

Question 12

Types of amnesia

Answer 12

Anterograde: loss of ability to form new memory

Retrograde: Loss of memory prior to occurrence of damage

Question 13

Types of memory

Answer 13

• Semantic: Factual information/general knowledge
• Episodic: Events, spatial and temporal relationships
• Explicit: Deliberate recall of information
• Implicit: Influence of experience on behaviour

Question 14

Phonological loop:

Answer 14

assessed through lists of digits/repetition of non-words, evolution of language

Question 15

Brocas aphasia

Answer 15

Spech labored and hesistant, but meaningful

Question 16

Wernickes aphasia/fluent:

Answer 16

Sound/word substitution (paraphrasia) and difficulty in naming (anomia). Speech remains fluent, language comp impaired

Question 17

Pattern of activity in brain leaves

Answer 17

path of physical changes.

Presynaptic, postsynaptic. Greater neurotransmitter release, More/less sensitive receptors.

Question 18

Hebbian synapse:

Answer 18

Neurons that fire together wire together. Synapse that increases in effectiveness because of simultaneous activity in presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.

Question 19

Long term potentiation (LTP):

Answer 19

one or more axons bombarded a dendrite with simulation. Leaves the syapse “potentiated” and more responsive.

Question 20

Long term depression (LTD):

Answer 20

prolonged decrease in response at a synapse. As one synapse strengthens, another weakens

Question 21

Biomechanicam mechanisms

Answer 21

LTP depends on change at glutamate synapses (AMPA and NMDA receptors)

Question 22

Biomechanicam mechanisms in hippocampus neurons

Answer 22

Caused by sodium entry. Depolarisation displaces magnesium molecules blocking NMDA receptors, glutamate then excites NMDA opening channel for calcium ions, triggering activation of intracellular enzymes, altering the make-up of the cell

Question 23

LTP is the

Answer 23

neuronal mechanism underling learning and memory.