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Cog psych 231 For Test 2. Flashcards

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1
Q

How can we define attention?

A

A discriminatory cognitive process distinguishing between environmental stimuli, bringing certain things into conscious awareness, allowing us to work on specific things.

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2
Q

What are the four metaphors that are used for attention?

A

1) attention as a filter
2) attention as a spotlight
3) attention as a pool of resources
4) Attention as a glue.

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3
Q

What is covert attention?

A

Attending to something, without moving the eyes?

e.g you are in a room staring straight ahead, while listening intently on a conversation to the side of you.

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4
Q

What is overt attention?

A

Attending to something by moving the eyes.

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5
Q

If one is not goal directed, what directs overt attention?

A

Salience.

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6
Q

What type of process is non-goal directed overt attention?

A

Bottom up/Data driven.

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7
Q

If one is given a goal, what sort of process is overt processing?

A

Top-down/conceptually driven.

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8
Q

What is change blindness?

A

Change blindness is the finding that observers often fail to notice large changes to objects or scenes when the change coincides with a brief visual disruption, such as a blink, movement of the eyes etc.

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9
Q

What is change blindness impacted by?

A

The gist of a visual scene, if a sentence description stays the same, then one may be oblivious, blind to any changes. e.g. Car in a city street, but if the backdrop change is significant, such as changes to a farm from the street, then the difference will be noticable.

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10
Q

What is the cocktail party effect?

A

The ability to focus on one stimulus, while tuning out another.

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11
Q

What is a dichotic listening test?

A

A test where the subject wears headphones and different stimuli is presented to the left and right ear.

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12
Q

In a Dichotic test, what is shadowing?

A

Repeating what you hear.

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13
Q

Donald’s Broadbent’s, filter model of processing, has 4 stages what are they?

A

1) sensory processing
2) filter
3) The detector
4) The output

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14
Q

In the Filter model of processing, what does the sensory memory do?

A

It holds all incoming information for a fraction of a second. Then it transfers the information to the filter.

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15
Q

In the Filter model of processing, what does the filter do?

A

Identifies information given attention, based upon it’s physical properties. The info paid attention to is moved to the detector, the other information is eliminated.

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16
Q

In the Filter model of processing, what are the physical properties that the filter stage identifies information that is paid attention to?

A

Tone, Rapidity, accent, pitch. (T.R.A.P)

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17
Q

In the Filter model of processing, what happens to the information that is not being paid atention to?

A

It is eliminated at the filter.

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18
Q

In the Filter model of processing, where does the information in the filter, move on to?

A

The detector.

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19
Q

In the Filter model of processing, what does the detector do?

A

Processes information that it receives, determining meaning.

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20
Q

In the Filter model of processing, where does information move onto from the detector?

A

It is outputted to the short-term memory, which holds it for 10-15 seconds and then to the LTM.

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21
Q

In processing, what is an early selection model?

A

A model, where info is discriminated in the first process, e.g. the filter model, or the attenuated model of attentio.n

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22
Q

In Colin Cherry’s (1953) Dichotic study what aspect of the audio not paid attention to was able to be recalled by the hearer?

A

Whether the voice was male or female.

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23
Q

Neville Moray’s (1959) dichotic study tried what?

A

It tried to see if repeating the same word multiple times (35 times) on the ear not paid attention to, meant that the listener picked up the word

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24
Q

In 1959, Neville Moray tested whether in a Dichotic experiment, if a subject would hear a word on the side not being listened to, if it was repeated 35 times, what was the result?

A

The subject still couldn’t shadow the one word.

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25
Q

what was the purpose Donald Broadbent created the filter model of processing for?

A

Based Upon findings of Colin Cherry (1953), and the cocktail-party effect, Donald Broadbent wanted to make a model explaining how it is possible to focus on one message and not the other.

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26
Q

What were the discoveries that led Anna Treisman to create the attenuated model of processing? (1964)

A

If all information unattended to is filtered out, we should not be conscious of the information.
However studies such as
- Neville Moray (1959) showed that if the participant’s name was given in the unattended ear, 1/3 of the participants picked it up.
- J.A Gray and A.I Wedderburn’s (1960) Aunt jane experiment, showed syntactically distinguishing crossed ears.
Showed that the information processing was fully capable of switching ears, going against the eliminatory filtering of Donald Broadbent’s filter theory.

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27
Q

In Neville Morray’s (1959) Dichotic study, how many people picked up their name if presented in the unattended ear?

A

1/3 of the pariticipants.

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28
Q

In J.A Gray’s and A.I Wedderburn’s (1960) Dear Aunt Jane experiment, what did they do?

A

They told participants of their Dichotic study, to shadow the left ear.
In order they presented:
Right ear; 9 aunt 6
Left ear; Dear 7 Jane.

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29
Q

In J.A Gray’s and A.I Wedderburn’s (1960) Dear Aunt Jane experiment, what was the result?

A

The subjects heard the sentence, Dear Aunt Jane. showing that the information from the right ear, Aunt, was not filtered out.

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30
Q

J.A Gray and A.I Wedderburn’s, (1960) Aunt Jane experiment, showed what?

A

The capability to conceptually process (top-down), for upon syntactical reasoning, from both ears, in relation to the meaning of the words.

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31
Q

J.A Gray’s and A.I Wedderburn’s (1960) Aunt Jane experiment, provided evidence against Broadbents, filter model of processing, how?

A

It showed that information from both ears weren’t stopped before they got to the point of meaning interpretation.

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32
Q

In J.A Gray’s and A.I Wedderburn’s (1960) Aunt Jane experiment, What stage of study were they at?

A

They were second-year psychology students. We can contribute to psychological study. :)

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33
Q

In Anne Treisman’s (1964) attenuated model of processing, how many stages does selection happen in?

A

2.

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34
Q

In Anne Treisman’s (1964) attenuated model of processing, what are the stages that selection happens in?

A

1) attenuator

2) The Dictionary unit.

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35
Q

In Anne Treisman’s (1964) attenuated model of processing, what was the filter replaced by?

A

The attenuator.

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36
Q

In Anne Treisman’s (1964) attenuated model of processing, what characteristics do the stimuli get attenuated in relation to?

A

1) physical properties (Pitch, rapidity)
2) language, message grouped into syllables or words.
3) Meaning, how sequences of words create meaningful phrases.

If 2 messages presented by male or female voice, then pitch can separate the two. If the physical properties are similar 2) and 3) will be needed to seperate.

37
Q

In Anne Treisman’s (1964) attenuated model of processing, what message is attenuated?

A

The message not being paid attention to, being attended to.

38
Q

In Anne Treisman’s (1964) attenuated model of processing, what message is not attenuated?

A

The message being paid attention, being attended to.

39
Q

What is another name for Anne Treisman’s (1964) attenuated model of processing?

A

The leaky filter model. This name is accredited due to the unattended message getting through to awareness, but having lost signal strength

40
Q

In Anne Treisman’s (1964) attenuated model of processing, where does the information go after the attenuator?

A

The dictionary.

41
Q

In Anne Treisman’s (1964) attenuated model of processing, specifically the dictionary stage of the model, why is threshold important?

A

Words that meet their threshold are detected, and thus go onto the next stage, awareness. It is kind of like a gameshow.

42
Q

In Anne Treisman’s (1964) attenuated model of processing, specifically the dictionary stage of the model, what gives words a low threshold to be picked up?

A
  • Frequency of use. If they are commonly used words. e.g boat.
    . If the words have personal significance, e.g. names.
    . If the words indicate danger.
43
Q

In Anne Treisman’s (1964) attenuated model of processing, specifically the dictionary stage of the model, what gives words a higher threshold?

A

. Uncommon words.

. Subjectively unimportant words.

44
Q

Why are these models of attention important to Cognitive science?

A

They show how aspects of cognition can be conceptualised as problems of information processing.

45
Q

What distinguishing quality do early selection models of processing have?

A

The info is filtered early on in the processing.

46
Q

Donald Mackay’s (1973) Dichotic study tested what?

A

Whether a biasing word (River or bank) given to an unattended ear could influence the interpretation of the message given to the attended ear.

47
Q

Donald Mackay’s (1973) Dichotic study gave what message to the attended (Left) ear?

A

They threw stones at the bank.

48
Q

Donald Mackay’s (1973) Dichotic study gave what message to the unattended (Right) ear?

A

They gave different messages to subjects. Some subjects hear River, and others heard money, repetitively.

49
Q

Donald Mackay’s (1973) Dichotic study gave a repetitive message to the unattended ear, what influence did this have on the message given to the attended ear.

A

The type of bank they threw money at, in the interpreted message “they threw money at the bank” was interpreted using the biasing word. If the participant heard river, it was a riverbank, if they heard money, it was a revolutionary act against a financial establishment.

50
Q

In Donald Mackay’s (1973) Dichotic study, was the meaning of the unattended message interpreted?

A

Yes, this is why it influenced the interpretation of the attended to message. This shows that the meaning of a word is interpreted before it is filtered out.

(I don’t know how this goes against the attenuated model of processing, which states there are three stages of attenuation, Physical structure, language, and meaning. I will ask Dr Carmel in his office hour today. The reading emphasizes the quantity of the unattended messaging that gets to meaning, so did the lecture, so I believe I have my answer.)

51
Q

Evidence for Early selection of processing?

A
  • Selective reading
  • Selective looking
  • Monkey time
  • Ulricc Neiser’s (1975 study)
52
Q

Evidence for late selection?

A
  • Stroop effect

- Flanker/response competition (XZX PZP ZZZ)

53
Q

What is selective attention?

A

attending to one thing, while ignoring others.

54
Q

What is a distraction?

A

One stimulus interfering with the process of another stimulus.

55
Q

What is divided attention?

A

attention paid to more than one thing simultaneously.

56
Q

What is attentional capture?

A

rapid shifting of attention caused by salient stimulus. e.g. loud noise, bright light, sudden movement.

57
Q

What is visual scanning?

A

movement of the eyes between objects.

58
Q

What is the stroop effect?

A

Where a competing response slows responding to the target. E.g green written in red, you have to say the colour that is visually seen, or the colour that the word “green” is written in, in other words, red.

In the given example, the task irrelevant stimuli is powerful, due to reading is an automatic process.

59
Q

What is Processing capacity?

A

The quantity of info people can handle, setting a limit on the ability to process incoming information.

60
Q

What is Processing load?

A

A scale in relation to the difficulty of a task, and how much processing capacity of an individual’s mind it takes up.

61
Q

What makes a task have a low processing load?

A

If a task is easy, and well learnt.

Uses less processing capacity.

62
Q

What makes a task have a large processing load?

A

If a task is difficult and not learnt well.

uses more processing capacity.

63
Q

With what quantity of processing load are you more likely to be distracted by a distraction?

A

Low, due to you still having plenty of processing capacity.

64
Q

What does the stroop effect show in relation to Nilli Lavie’s theory of information processing?

A

That different irrelevant-stimuli’s have different powers.

The reading gave the example of a fire alarm being a greater disturbance than a conversation in the libarary.

65
Q

What are load theories 2 assumptions?

A

1) Perception is a limited capacity

2) Processing proceeds on all capacities, thus late filtering, until capacity is consumed.

66
Q

What aspects of a task impose on perceptual load?

A

1) number of stimuli to be processed

2) number of stimulation features to be processed.

67
Q

What is an incongruent distraction?

A

Distractions that are incongruent, e.g in a Stroop test, if the word green is written in red.

68
Q

What is a congruent distraction?

A

Distractions that are congruent. E.G a word written in the same ink.

69
Q

What is the “binding problem” of processing?

A

The fact that different attributes are processed by different neural systems (e.g. Dorsal Vs. Vental syste,). How colour, location, motion, form (C.L.M F.) is processed by different parts of the brain.

70
Q

Anne Treisman’s, feature integration theory is described by what metaphor of attention? Think of the four, (spotlight, filter, pool of resources, glue)

A

Glue, binding features together.

71
Q

Anne Treisman’s, feature integration theory, has 2 cognitive stages before perceiving the object, what are they?

A

1) Preattentive stage

2) Focused attention stage.

72
Q

What is a feature search?

A

A search that is defined by 1 feature, think of a red x in a group of green o’s. These searches always are, (r)egardless of their size, (e)asy, (p)opping out at you, so thus are (q)uick (R.E.P. Q.)

73
Q

What is a conjunctive search?

A

A search that is difficult, and thus long, where you have to search for a number of features. Such as a red x, in a group of green and red o’s.

74
Q

Anne Treisman’s, feature integration theory, what is the inattentive stage?

A

An automatic, effortless, analysis of the features of a perceived object, happening in the unconscious before we pay attention to the object. This is a parallel search, meaning it happens in multiple neurological areas.

75
Q

Anne Treisman’s, feature integration theory, What is the Focussed attention stage?

A

This is where the features of the object are bound together in our concious and controlled experience. Is a serial search, looking at one thing at a time.

76
Q

why do illusory conjunction happen?

A

“Cos in the preattentive stage, each feature exists independently to the others.” so when they come together from this ‘free-floating’ stage, they can be incorrectly combined.

77
Q

what is an illusory conjunction?

A

When artifacts of an object come back from the inattentive stage, into the attentive stage, incorrectly.

78
Q

What can get in the way of illusory conjunction?

A

Prior knowledge, e.g. of a semantic sort. If one is told they will see a carrot, they are likely to impose orange upon the shape.

79
Q

What is memory?

A

1) A mechanism (process or system) in the mind/brain, involved in encoding storage and retrieval of information.
2) Memory is the process involved in retaining, retreiving and using information, about idea’s stimuli, event’s, skills and ideas.

80
Q

What did william James call short term memory?

A

Working memory.

81
Q

What is Herman Ebbinghaus’s learning curve?

A

A graphical presentation, between the variables of proficiency and experience.

82
Q

What is Herman Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve?

A

How the ability to recall information is lost over time, without effort to maintain it.

83
Q

What are the four components of Jenkins Tetrahedral model for memory research? (Richard Atkinson, and Shiffrin, 1968)

A

1) Material
2) Subjects/participants
3) Encoding
4) Retrieval

84
Q

What are the three structural features of the modal model of memory?

A

1) Sensory store
2) Short term memory store
3) Long term Memory store.

85
Q

What is the primacy effect?

A

Being able to recall information easier, because it was presented earlier on in the presentation

86
Q

What is the recency effect?

A

Being able to recall information easier, because it was presented later on in the presentation.

87
Q

What is a Control process in the modal model of memory?

A

A control process is an effortful process related to memory.

88
Q

Name 3 control proccesses. (Modal model of memory)

A

1) rehearsing
2) chunking
3) association.

89
Q

Persistence of vision is a phenomenon, where visual stimuli seems to persist longer than it physical exists for, what type of memory is this due to?

A

Sensory memory.

psychology (2 decks)

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