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psychology > 231 Cognitive psychology for test 1 > Flashcards

231 Cognitive psychology for test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Why should you use these flashcards (test yourself)?

A

The Test effect. The ability to recall information is sustained with greater longevity if one tests themselves.

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2
Q

What 4 factors led to the cognitive revolution?

A

World War 2, Artificial intelligence, Information processing, Linguistics.

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3
Q

What about WW2 led to the cognitive revolution?

A

Electrical engineers, in hopes of building better radars, sought to understand how radar operators made decisions about what they were seeing on the radar. How did they distinguish between a friendly and an enemy plane, or any other flying object?

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4
Q

Name the different disciplines within the cognitive sciences?

A

Philosophy, Linguistics, Neuroscience, Psychology, Computer science. (Mneunomic:: P.L.N. P.C)

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5
Q

Name the four recurring themes of Cognitive psychology.

A

1) Data driven (Bottom up) vs Conceptually driven (Top Down) processes.
2) Automatic (Effortless) vs Controlled (effortful) processes
3) Conscious (Explicit) Vs Unconscious (implicit) processes
4) Representation

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6
Q

What characteristics does a data-driven (bottom up) process have?

A

to make sense of the stimuli, the data driven processes connects different bits of information together.

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7
Q

What characteristics does a conceptually-driven (top-down) process have?

A

The stimuli is interpreted by prior information of various types already encoded in the psyche. Thus the interpretation of the data is driven by conceptual processes.

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8
Q

What characteristics does an automatic (effortless) process have?

A

An automatic process does not require effort.

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9
Q

What characteristics does a controlled (effortful) process have?

A

A Controlled process takes effort.

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10
Q

When one is considering the lens of Cognitive Psychology, what is a representation?

A

A useful, not veridical, representation of external reality held by our mind.

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11
Q

Out of a structuralist, behaviorist and a cognitivist, two out of three will agree with “We can not observe menta activity objectively and directly.” Which two?

A

A behaviorist and a cognitivist.

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12
Q

Out of a structuralist, behaviorist and a cognitivist, two out of three will agree with “Our theories should only describe links between directly-observable variables” Which two?

A

Structuralist and Behaviorist.

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13
Q

Out of a structuralist, behaviorist and a cognitivist, two out of three will agree with “We are interested in the fundamental processes of the mind.” Which two?

A

Structuralist and cognitive psychologists.

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14
Q

How are errors and accuracy tested in the lab?

A

With a desired cognitive function, we create an experiment to task the function, which is not easy, thus the subject messes up. We do get to be a little evil. :)

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15
Q

what believes held by cognitive science (Psychology) about thought allow us to study it?

A

1) Thought is the product of several processes.
2) Thought takes time.
3) Thought results in behavior.
4) Thought is the product of neural activity.

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16
Q

What are three behavioral methods that are studied to make inferences about thought?

A

1) Errors and accuracy
2) Actions (eye movements and reaching movements.)
3) Response time

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17
Q

What tools or afflictions are used to study neural activity?

A 
Neuroimaging (e.g. FMRI)
Electrical activity (e.g. EEG)
Brain Stimulation (TMS)
Brain damage
Neurological disorders
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18
Q

Francscus Donders (1818 - 1889) was the first person to perform a psychological experiment, and it was in cognitive psychology, pretty cool right. What theory did he come up with?

A

Donder’s method of subtraction. (1868)

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19
Q

Describe Task 1 of Franciscus Donders experiment.

A

Subjects responded to a flashing light by pressing a button, Donders measured the ‘Reaction Time’ of the subjects.

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20
Q

Task 1 of Donder’s experiment is considered a simple reaction time task, why is this.

A

This measurement of the time taken for the linear process of observance of a light and the response from the subject is what makes this a Simple Reaction-Time Task.

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21
Q

What was the average time, in Task 1 of Donders experiment, for the participant to respond?

A

200 milliseconds.

22
Q

Describe Task 2 of Fransicus Donders experiment.

A

The subject observed a light, either on their left or right, to which they responded by choosing a specific key in accordance to the light.

23
Q

Task 2 of Donders experiment is regarded as a Choice Reaction-Time Task. Why is this?

A

While the measure was the Reaction-time of the participant, the participant had to make a choice reaction to the light, distinguishing between one of two keys.

24
Q

What was the average time for the participant’s response in task 2?

A

230 milliseconds.

25
Q

In Donder’s experiment, how long did it take for a participant to make a decision?

A

30 milliseconds.

26
Q

If two patients are partaking in Donder’s experiment and one has a faster perceptual processing capability, what will be different in their results in both stages of Donder’s experiment?

A

Test 1 of the individual with faster perception will be faster, however, there will be similar difference between the two tests, individually for best subjects.

27
Q

If two patients are partaking in Donder’s experiment and one has a faster decision-making capability, what will be different in their results in both stages of Donder’s experiment?

A

A shorter time in Test 2.

28
Q

How can we use time to find out about the mind?

A

1) Add a processing task (e.g. Donders method of subtraction)
2) Changing the stimuli ( (e.g. lexical test)
3) Manipulation of the situation (e.g. using categorically related words in a lexical test)

29
Q

In a lexicon test, what impacts the reaction time?

A

Words used with higher frequency. E.g Book is reacted to faster than Sloth.

30
Q

What are the four cognitive stages in a lexical test?

A

encode the stimulus -> Review word with internalised lexicon (internal representation -> Decide if it is a word -> Make response.

31
Q

Why are cognitiv psychologists concerned about neural readings?

A

Because they may tell us about cognition.

32
Q

What does the Frontal lobe Do?

A

. Planning
. Abstract thinking
. Executive control

33
Q

What does the parietal lobe Do?

A

. Spatial attention
. Sensory integration
. object location
. Numbers/quantities

34
Q

What does the Ocipitial lobe Do?

A

vision

35
Q

What does the Temporal lobe Do?

A

. Semantic knowledge
. Word meaning
. Object identification
. Audition

36
Q

What are the methods employed by cognitive neuroscientists?

A

1) Lesion (brain damage, TMS, animal ablation)

2) Neuroimaging (e.g. EEG, FMRI, PET, NIRS/DOI)

37
Q

In Broca’s aphasia, what is impaired?

A

Speach production.

38
Q

In Broca’s aphasia, what is intact?

A

Speach comprehension.

39
Q

In Wernicke’s aphasia, what is impaired?

A

Speech comprehension.

40
Q

In Wernicke’s aphasia, what is intact?

A

Speech production.

41
Q

What are the problems with research using lesions to understand brain activities’ relationship to cognition?

A

1) no control over the location of the lesion (except in ablation)
2) No problem with pre-stroke performance (no control setting)
3) The brain can reorganize. (e.g. neuroplasticity)

42
Q

What does TMS stand for?

A

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.

43
Q

What is TMS used for?

A

Making temporary lesions in the healthy brain.

44
Q

What does ERP stand for?

A

Event related potential.

45
Q

What is an N400?

A

An event-related potential seen when an unexpected event happens. N= negative. 400 relates to it’s length, 400ms.

46
Q

What is a P600?

A

A positive brain wave seen for 600ms in relation to grammatical errors.

47
Q

What does Axial mean? MRI

A

Transverse to the skull. Top of the skull looking down.

48
Q

What does Coronal mean? MRI

A

Paralell to the face.

49
Q

What does Sagital mean? MRI

A

Paralell to the side of the head.

50
Q

What does FMRI indicate? and Why?

A

FMRI indicated blood flow, as a proxy measure of neural activity. A place requiring more oxygen is likely to be currently used more.

51
Q

In Relation to FMRI what does B.O.L.D mean?

A

Blood Oxygen level dependent signal.

52
Q

What are the problems withe FMRI studies?

A

1) Every simple task activates multiple regions.
2) Activation doesn’t necessarily tell us what is going on? e.g coinciding with the experiment, may be an affective state. This is called the problem of reverse inference. Neuroskeptic has an interesting read on it.

psychology (2 decks)

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