Cog Neuro Final Flashcards by Lucy Demsky

Orbitofrontal Cortex

Prediction for decision making and rewards
Those with lesions become impatient for Temporal Discounting

More for taste preference
Price (like on wine) impacts perception of how it tastes and OFC tracks this
Also about socially inappropriate behavior

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Anterior Cingulate Cortex

Conflict resolution and error detecting. Greater activity for hard or difficult (incongruent trials like in the Stroop task when its the wrong color with the word. but then activation gets less because you are anticipating the incongruency)

Responds to valence for social cognition

Involved in PAIN

Is in the medial frontal cortex

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Insula

Disgust

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Amygdala

Fear response and social judgement

Low road:
quick, autonomic reactions. fight or flight response. directly from thalamus

High road:
slower but more accurate. higher level judgements. from thalamus, but then to sensory cortex

Lesions create no fear response

Emotional memories are more salient
More active to fearful faces

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Hippocampus

Subdivided
Involved with “Recall/recognition”
Binds info from perirhinal and parahippocampus

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Parahippocampus

Active for “familiarity”
Scenes and places
Also for context

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Perirhinal

Detects novel items
Involved in familiarity

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Superior Temporal Sulcus

Joint attention. Driven by eye gaze
- Most active when gaze is MET

IDing non-verbal cues
High sensitivity for speech and language

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Medial Temporal Lobe (what is in the region)

Hippocampus
Parahippocampus
Perirhinal cortex

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Default Mode Network

The parts of the brain that are active when the brain is at rest: the medial temporal lobe, the medial parietal lobe, the posterior cingulate cortex

Becomes deactivated when doing a task
related to day dreaming

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Long Term Potentiation

Things become more stronger with activation
Blocking this impairs memory

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Areas important for auditory processing

Inferior temporal gyrus
Medial temporal gyrus
Posterior Cingulate Cortex
Heschl’s gyrus

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Posterior Cingulate Cortex

dorsal attention networks
DMN

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N400

Semantic violations
Temporal lobe

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P600

Syntactic violations (grammatical violations)
Parietal and frontal lobes

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Broca’s Aphasia

Broken Speech
Expressive

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Wernicke’s Aphasia

Saying word salad
Receptive

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Conduction Aphasia

Inability to repeat
Kind of a mix of Broca’s and Wernicke

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Medial Prefrontal Cortex

Responds to self description
Theory of mind
differentials between judgements between self and friends

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Attentional Blindness

The inability to notice salient features because something else is going on (gorilla video)

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Change Blindness

Inability to notice changes because you are thinking about something else

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Selective attention

Competition so you have to pick what to attend to. If you attend to something it will take your attention away from something else.

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Voluntary Attention

Endogenous
Self motivated

Overt:
Move your attention AND eyes

Cover:
Just move your attention but NOT eyes

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Reflexive Attention

Exogenous
Stimulus driven

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Attenuation Theory

High res vs low res When info is needed it's in high res and when it's not its in low res but still there

P300

Working memory and conscious access of data and rare stimuli

Attentional Blink

Temporal limitation. The idea that you're worse on the second visual stimuli because you're paying attention to the first one Evidence for late selection

Dorsal Attention Network

Voluntary attention, location, features, objects

Ventral Attention Network

Novelty and salience Detection

Balint's Syndrome

Bilateral Massive visual deficits Attentional spotlight is SO small

Spatial Neglect

UNILATERAL Damage to one hemisphere leads to the good hemisphere "locking" and can't see anything outside that hemisphere Can be directed to it but can't "see it" on own

Subcortical Attention

Lateral geniculate nucleus Superior Colliculus Pulvinar

Lateral geniculate nucleus

Where vision comes from in the thalamus Activity increases with attention

Superior Colliculus

Behind corpus callosum Controls eye movement

Pulvinar

Role in covert attention

Modal memory theory

Sequential progression of memory: MUST GO in the order-- input, register, STM, LTM Has been called into question

Recall

Know NAMING all 7 dwarves

Recognition

=familiarty can you recognize the names of all 7 dwarves

HPA response

regulates stress response in the hippocampus

Chronic stress

suppresses LTP telomeres shorten decrease dendritic spines

Activation for in-group

Fusiform face area, amygdala and OFC

Fear

Amygdala

Anger

OFC and ACC

Sadness

Amygdala and Right temporal pole

Disgust

Insula, ACC

Apraxia

Inability to speak

Anomia

Inability to name

Alexia

Inability to read

Arcuate Fasciculus

Unique in humans and it's why humans have more language contexts temporal and parietal cortex

Heschl's gyrus

primary auditory cortex sensitive to acoustic info

Anterior activation with language

more activation with increasing complexities

Visual word form area

in left hemisphere active for visual representation of words critical for processing written language damage leads to alexia

Dyslexia

Less blood flow to the VWFA which makes it more difficult to process text

Paraphasic errors

Word substitutions

Self referential processing

how I see the world it develops early

Self referential effect

Items related to self are better remembered (from the medial prefrontal cortex)

Dorsal Lateral Prefrontal Cortex

Involved in elaboration and referential processing

Theory of mind

Medial PFC tied to empathy ability to understand what someone is thinking/feeling kids can not do this

State Attribution Theory (ToM)

Elaborate based on rules and knowledge of the world Theory theory

Experience sharing theory (ToM)

Imagine a situation mentally and simulate it and see how it would make us feel. Simulation theory

What controls cognitive control

Lateral PFC (WM and inhibition) OFC-frontal pole (Reward) ACC-medial frontal (conflict)

Ventral-Dorsal

What vs how

Anterior-Posterior axes

Abstract vs concrete

Lateral-medial axes

immediate environment vs history

Lateral Prefrontal Cortex

Involved in WM Has preferred info: object vs location Self control

Brain region involved in temporal discounting

OFC With OFC lesions they become very impatient and the reward loses value over much faster time

Dualism (conscioussness)

The mind and brain and separate entities

Materialism

Mind is inseparable from the body

Core consciousness

Low level Reticular Activating System

Extended consciousious

Complex (meta) Cerebral Cortex

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

In hypothalamus Gets input from the retina Regulates circadian rhythms

Locus Coeruleus

Increases wakefulness Releases norepinephrine

Areas involved in moral dilemmas

MFG PCC Angular gyrus

Areas involved in making difficult decisions (neuroethics)

MFG ACC Precuneus PCC

Frontal regions for ethics

Tracks the greater good (utilitarianism)