Cog Neuro Final Flashcards
Orbitofrontal Cortex
Prediction for decision making and rewards
Those with lesions become impatient for Temporal Discounting
More for taste preference
Price (like on wine) impacts perception of how it tastes and OFC tracks this
Also about socially inappropriate behavior
Anterior Cingulate Cortex
Conflict resolution and error detecting. Greater activity for hard or difficult (incongruent trials like in the Stroop task when its the wrong color with the word. but then activation gets less because you are anticipating the incongruency)
Responds to valence for social cognition
Involved in PAIN
Is in the medial frontal cortex
Insula
Disgust
Amygdala
Fear response and social judgement
Low road:
quick, autonomic reactions. fight or flight response. directly from thalamus
High road:
slower but more accurate. higher level judgements. from thalamus, but then to sensory cortex
Lesions create no fear response
Emotional memories are more salient
More active to fearful faces
Hippocampus
Subdivided
Involved with “Recall/recognition”
Binds info from perirhinal and parahippocampus
Parahippocampus
Active for “familiarity”
Scenes and places
Also for context
Perirhinal
Detects novel items
Involved in familiarity
Superior Temporal Sulcus
Joint attention. Driven by eye gaze
- Most active when gaze is MET
IDing non-verbal cues
High sensitivity for speech and language
Medial Temporal Lobe (what is in the region)
Hippocampus
Parahippocampus
Perirhinal cortex
Default Mode Network
The parts of the brain that are active when the brain is at rest: the medial temporal lobe, the medial parietal lobe, the posterior cingulate cortex
Becomes deactivated when doing a task
related to day dreaming
Long Term Potentiation
Things become more stronger with activation
Blocking this impairs memory
Areas important for auditory processing
Inferior temporal gyrus
Medial temporal gyrus
Posterior Cingulate Cortex
Heschl’s gyrus
Posterior Cingulate Cortex
dorsal attention networks
DMN
N400
Semantic violations
Temporal lobe
P600
Syntactic violations (grammatical violations)
Parietal and frontal lobes
Broca’s Aphasia
Broken Speech
Expressive
Wernicke’s Aphasia
Saying word salad
Receptive
Conduction Aphasia
Inability to repeat
Kind of a mix of Broca’s and Wernicke
Medial Prefrontal Cortex
Responds to self description
Theory of mind
differentials between judgements between self and friends
Attentional Blindness
The inability to notice salient features because something else is going on (gorilla video)
Change Blindness
Inability to notice changes because you are thinking about something else
Selective attention
Competition so you have to pick what to attend to. If you attend to something it will take your attention away from something else.
Voluntary Attention
Endogenous
Self motivated
Overt:
Move your attention AND eyes
Cover:
Just move your attention but NOT eyes
Reflexive Attention
Exogenous
Stimulus driven
Attenuation Theory
High res vs low res
When info is needed it’s in high res and when it’s not its in low res but still there
P300
Working memory and conscious access of data and rare stimuli
Attentional Blink
Temporal limitation. The idea that you’re worse on the second visual stimuli because you’re paying attention to the first one
Evidence for late selection
Dorsal Attention Network
Voluntary attention, location, features, objects
Ventral Attention Network
Novelty and salience
Detection
Balint’s Syndrome
Bilateral
Massive visual deficits
Attentional spotlight is SO small
Spatial Neglect
UNILATERAL
Damage to one hemisphere leads to the good hemisphere “locking” and can’t see anything outside that hemisphere
Can be directed to it but can’t “see it” on own
Subcortical Attention
Lateral geniculate nucleus
Superior Colliculus
Pulvinar
Lateral geniculate nucleus
Where vision comes from in the thalamus
Activity increases with attention
Superior Colliculus
Behind corpus callosum
Controls eye movement
Pulvinar
Role in covert attention
Modal memory theory
Sequential progression of memory: MUST GO in the order– input, register, STM, LTM
Has been called into question
Recall
Know
NAMING all 7 dwarves
Recognition
=familiarty
can you recognize the names of all 7 dwarves
HPA response
regulates stress response
in the hippocampus
Chronic stress
suppresses LTP
telomeres shorten
decrease dendritic spines
Activation for in-group
Fusiform face area, amygdala and OFC
Fear
Amygdala
Anger
OFC and ACC
Sadness
Amygdala and Right temporal pole
Disgust
Insula, ACC
Apraxia
Inability to speak
Anomia
Inability to name
Alexia
Inability to read
Arcuate Fasciculus
Unique in humans and it’s why humans have more language
contexts temporal and parietal cortex
Heschl’s gyrus
primary auditory cortex
sensitive to acoustic info
Anterior activation with language
more activation with increasing complexities
Visual word form area
in left hemisphere
active for visual representation of words
critical for processing written language
damage leads to alexia
Dyslexia
Less blood flow to the VWFA which makes it more difficult to process text
Paraphasic errors
Word substitutions
Self referential processing
how I see the world
it develops early
Self referential effect
Items related to self are better remembered (from the medial prefrontal cortex)
Dorsal Lateral Prefrontal Cortex
Involved in elaboration and referential processing
Theory of mind
Medial PFC
tied to empathy
ability to understand what someone is thinking/feeling
kids can not do this
State Attribution Theory (ToM)
Elaborate based on rules and knowledge of the world
Theory theory
Experience sharing theory (ToM)
Imagine a situation mentally and simulate it and see how it would make us feel.
Simulation theory
What controls cognitive control
Lateral PFC (WM and inhibition)
OFC-frontal pole (Reward)
ACC-medial frontal (conflict)
Ventral-Dorsal
What vs how
Anterior-Posterior axes
Abstract vs concrete
Lateral-medial axes
immediate environment vs history
Lateral Prefrontal Cortex
Involved in WM
Has preferred info: object vs location
Self control
Brain region involved in temporal discounting
OFC
With OFC lesions they become very impatient and the reward loses value over much faster time
Dualism (conscioussness)
The mind and brain and separate entities
Materialism
Mind is inseparable from the body
Core consciousness
Low level
Reticular Activating System
Extended consciousious
Complex (meta)
Cerebral Cortex
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
In hypothalamus
Gets input from the retina
Regulates circadian rhythms
Locus Coeruleus
Increases wakefulness
Releases norepinephrine
Areas involved in moral dilemmas
MFG
PCC
Angular gyrus
Areas involved in making difficult decisions (neuroethics)
MFG
ACC
Precuneus
PCC
Frontal regions for ethics
Tracks the greater good (utilitarianism)
