Cog LOA Names Flashcards by Cali W

Wilhelm Wundt *

(1879) The Father of Psychology, a structuralist who opened the 1st psych lab and the 1st school of psych. One of the 1st to study thought processes scientifically. Very introspective.

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William James

A Functionalist w/ Darwin who believed the way people act is due to behaviorism.

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Wolfgang Kohler

Psychoanalyst -> behaviourist. wanted to see ape thought process. experimented w/ ape Sultan. Cage, short stick, long stick, banana in sight. “Aha moment”. Problem solving by thinking.

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Sir Frederick Bartlett*

Serial Reproduction, “War of the Ghosts”, 4 C’s (concise, coherent, conventional, cliche)

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George Miller*

Short Term Memory has limited capacity, magic number 7+-2, chunking.

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E.C. Tolman

cognitive maps. do you know where you are in your environment.

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Noam Chomsky

L.A.D. how do babies say something they’ve never heard before? Cog LOA. Transactionalism

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*Hermann Ebbinghaus

Forgetting curve w/ nonsense syllables (no meaning/visualization)

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*Elizabeth Loftus

eyewitness memory. “Memory is Malleable”. car crash video. people and memory are open to suggestion. memory can be altered after event occurs.

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*Craik and Lockhart

Elaborate rehearsal. Semantics, visualization, repetition.

Levels of processing.

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Aaron Beck

CBT. Cognitive behavioral therapy. Distorted thoughts cause problems

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Albert Ellis

RET. ABC’s &D’s. Activating event. Belief faulty. Consequences. Disputation.

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Endel Tulving

Episodic memory is unique. Not semantic.

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*Walter Mischel

Marshmallow challenge. 1 now, 2 later. Delayed v. Immediate gratification.

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Leonard Berkowitz

Frustration/ agression hypothesis

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*Leon Festinger

Cognitive dissonance.
When attitudes/ beliefs conflict with actions/ reality. Cult: when can’t change reality. Change beliefs. College movie: $1 + 90 min + bad movie= not so bad. Same +$20 = awful

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Jean Piaget

Cognitive development.

Schema: plan for knowing

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*Lawrence Kohlberg

Moral revolution/dilemma
72 boys. Age 10,13,16. Asked dilemma Q’s for qualitative answers. Why not what. Moral Development : 3 levels 6 stages preconventional, conventional, post conventional. Avoid punish. Personal gain. Good girl(social approval). Law+order(duty). Social contract. Universal altruism

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Hans Eysenck

IQ differences could depend on STM capacity

Sir Francis Galton

1800’s. Eugenics. Intelligence in heritable.

Stanley Schachter

2 factor theory of emotion. Cognitive appraisal

Joyce Sprafkin

Priming, TV, pro social behaviors. Altruism

Lev Vygotsky

ZPD. Zone proximal development. Gap between what you learn by yourself and what you learn from a teacher. Piaget of Russia.

Jerome Bruner

Cognitive revolution. Input of culture. Transactionalism.

*Anderson and Pichert

How schema affects memory. House buyer v. burglar. 7.1% increase memory with 2 schemes v. 1.

*Atkinson and Shiffrin

Multi-store memory model: sensory, STM, LTM

*Baddeley and Hitch

1974. Working memory model. Central executive -->phonological loop, episodic buffer, visuospatial sketchpad --> long term storage memory

Eric Kandel

Nobel prize for realizing every time you learn anything, your brain changes

*Michael Cole

The KPELLE tribe (Africa). Educated v. Uneducated memory. Not everyone uses memory the same way. Chunking v. narrative

Sigmund Freud

Repression

*Joseph Ledoux

2 biological pathways to amygdala. Long and short. Short: thalamus-> amygdala. Long: thalamus->frontal (think)-> emotion

Richard Lazarus

Cognitive appraisal. Primary and secondary. Does it affect me? How will I handle it?

Ulric Neisser

Big opponent of flashbulb memory. Argues it's not accurate or special. But due to repetition.

*Brown and Kulik

Flashbulb memory. Special high emotion very accurate memory. Connection with amygdala.

Clive wearing and HM

CW: most extensive case of retrograde and anterograde amnesia ever seen. From encephalitis. HM: mostly anterograde amnesia. From dumb doctors operating on head after injury (9yo). Hippocampus removed.

*Gary Wells

Effect of affirmation on eyewitness memory. The innocence project. bomb video, affirmed v. not.

*Godden and Baddeley

Scuba divers. Context dependent memory. 40%

*Speisman et al.

A: effect of appraisal on emotion. M: showed traditional surgery vids w/ dif soundtracks. Trauma, science, denial, control. F: appraisal more important than actual event.

*Bransford and Johnson

Kite schema

James McGaugh

HSAM: highly superior autobiographical memory

*Peterson and Peterson

Short term memory w/ trigrams. 3 second intervals over 18 seconds. @3 80% retention. @18 10% retention

*Brewer and Treyens

Office schema. See what you expect to notice

Yuille and Cutshall

Argues ecological validity of Loftus' experiment.

James-Lange theory of emotion

Emotions are a result of physiological reactions to events.

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

Emotions and bodily changes are not cause and effect. They occur simultaneously following a stimulating event.

Holmberg and Holmes

Studied married couples just after and 2 years after marriage. Strong couples didn't remember early problems. Difficult couples remember all the earlier problems. 1994