Cog & Bio Perception Flashcards
What do perceptual experiences offer?
Offers one possibility of what the world is
The bottom up approach is what psychology?
Gestalt psychology
What is the law of pragnanz?
We typically perceive the simplest possible organisation of the visual field
Figure / ground segregation is what?
Differentiate a figure (or target information) from its ground (or background information)
What is subjective contour?
Contour that is physically absent in the stimulus but is filled in by the visual system
What are the 4 limitations of gestalt approach?
- It provides descriptions, but not explanations, of perceptual phenomenon
- The findings are mostly based on 2D patterns
- It does not account for the role of top-down processes
- It overlooks the role of motion in perceptual organisations
Perception is for what? - bottom-up process
Perception is for action, not for recognition
Visual environment provides what?
Enough information for perception and action - no representation is needed
What should research reflect?
Should reflect the real world the perceptual system evolved, which should be tested to elicit realistic responses
Direct perception is the act of what?
Picking up information from the environment to guide action
What is optic array?
Pattern of light reaching the eyes
What is optic flow?
The pattern of light reaching the eye changing due to motion - when you move around the image you see changes
What is affordance?
Potential use of an object or potential interaction with the environment - look at a chair and think it’s something to sit on
What is optical flow determined by?
Our own movements
Optical flow point of travel…
Remains stationary
What is motion parallax?
Closer things to us moving faster
Direct perception provides what?
A different perspective on perception - environmental information is rich and dynamic - perception is coupled with action
What is wrong with direct perception?
Radical and oversimplified - rejects the existence of internal representation & minimises the role of top-down processes in perception - does not explain how action is executed
What affects your interpretation and perception?
Whatever is in your mind
What is the recognition by components (RBC) theory?
Objects are represented as, and therefore can be recognised by, the basic components (‘geons’) and their spatial relations (‘structural descriptions’)
What does RBC predict?
That object recognition should be viewpoint invariant (i.e recognition should be equally rapid and accurate across different viewing angles)
What is the multi-view theory of object recognition?
Object representations are collections of views that depict the appearance of objects from specific viewpoints
Recognition is viewpoint dependent
What’s the difference between multi-view theory and RBC surrounding category exemplars?
Multi-view theory applies to recognition of within category exemplars, whereas the RBC theory has difficulty to do so
What’s the difference between multi-view theory and RBC surrounding previous experience?
Multi-view theory emphasises the importance of previous experience, whereas the RBC theory highlights more on the bottom-up processes
What can viewpoint-invariant recognition be achieved via?
Multiple-view learning
Face recognition is what level?
Subordinate-level recognition
What is face recognition sensitive to?
To the spatial relations of facial parts (holistic processing)
What is face recognition supported by?
Relatively dedicated neural network
What does Haxby et al face perception model highlight?
The difference between processing of invariant and variable facial information in the brain
Models trained for visual categorisation can predict what?
Predicts patterns of object/category-level confusion observed in man and monkey
What is wrong with models predicting observations in man and monkey?
Models are not able to predict patterns of image / instance-level confusion observed in man and monkey
What are the 4 limitations of the Gestalt approach?
- It provides description, not not explanations, or perceptual phenomenon
- The findings are mostly based on 2D patterns
- It does not account for the role of top-down processes
- It overlooks the role of motion in perceptual organisations
What is the direct perception bottom up process suggest?
Perception is for action, not for recognition
Visual environments provide…
Enough information for perception and action: no representation is needed
What should research reflect?
The real world the perceptual system evolved, which should be tested to elicit realistic responses
What is direct perception?
The act of picking up information from the environment to guide action
What is optic array?
Pattern of light reaching the eye (its changes due to motion is called optical flow) - when you move around the image you see changes
