Cog & Bio Introduction Lecture Flashcards
Who thought the brain cooled down temperature of blood?
Aristotle
What provided evidence for evolution?
Fossils of extinct species
What is homology?
Similarity based on common ancestry - compare species with ancestors and found a similar structure
What animal has the same main structures as the human brain?
Rat
What is natural selection?
Something that is more specialised for their environments (better fit) will create more babies and therefore pass on their genes more easily - gene pool
Who was the person that developed Phrenology (linking psychology and neuroscience)
Franz Josez Gall
What is functional localisation?
The idea that specific areas of the brain and responsible for certain functions
Who was the first evidence that the brain has particular parts that do particular jobs?
Paul broca
What is the Broca’s area anatomically referred to as?
The inferior frontal gyrus
What is the front part of the brain also known as?
Anterior
What is the back part of the brain also known as?
Posterior
What is the top part of the brain known as?
Dorsal
What is the bottom part of the brain also known as?
Ventral
What is the higher part of the brain also known as?
Superior
What is the lower part of the brain also known as?
Inferior
What are the bumps in the brain also known as?
Gyri
What are the folds in the brain known as?
Sulci
What does more folds in the brain mean?
More surface area
What is the brains biggest lobe?
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobe is separated from the parietal lobe by what?
Central sulcus
What frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by what?
Lateral sulcus
What does the frontal lobe do?
Makes us human - higher level impacts on human cognition, decision making etc
Makes us grown up
What would damages to the frontal lobe impact?
Personality
What are the 3 main functions of frontal lobe?
- Movement
- Impulse control, judgement, language production, memory, problem solving, sexual behaviour, social behaviour
- Involved in planning, coordinating, controlling and executing behaviour
What is the smallest lobe?
Occipital lobe
What does the occipital lobe deal with?
Visual processing
The occipital lobe is separated from the parietal lobe by what?
Parietal-occipital sulcus
What does calcarine sulcus equal?
Primary visual cortex
What does the temporal lobe do?
Decides what something is
The temporal lobe is separated from the frontal lobe by what?
Sylvian fissure (lateral sulcus)
Superior temporal gyrus =?
Primary auditory cortex
Inferior temporal gyrus =?
High-level visual processing, object recognition, face recognition
What does the parietal lobe do?
Pieces together info
The parietal lobe is separated from the frontal lobe by what?
Central sulcus (fissure)
What 5 things is the parietal lobe important for?
- Somatosensory perception
- Intersensory integration
- Spatial vision
- Spatial attention
What is cerebellum also known as?
Little brain
What does the cerebellum control?
Balance, motor planning, motor learning, eye movement control
What would injury to cerebellum result in?
Jittering with movements
What does the cerebellum make predictions about?
What it thinks you will experience and compares it with what actually happened - if there’s a difference then corrections will be done
What does the brain stem control?
Breathing, heartbeat, artery dilation, salivation
Where is the brain stem and why is it located here?
In the middle of everything - keeps away from parts of brain that are more likely to be damaged
Is damage to the brain stem critical?
Yes
Subcortical meaning and an example?
Within brain that you don’t see - ventricles
Meninges and ventricular system - what are the 2 main functions?
- Protect - acts as a shock absorber
- Nourish - provides an exchange medium between blood and brain
What are used to protect sub cortical structures?
Ventricles
The limbic system includes structures important for?
Learning and memory
What are the 3 structures included in the limbic system?
- Amygdala
- Hippocampus
- Olfactory bulb
What does the amygdala deal with?
Emotional regular and perception of odour
What does the hippocampus deal with?
Some form of learning and memory
What does the olfactory bulb deal with?
Sense of smell
What do neurons do?
Send information
When do neurons want to fire?
When it gets an input
What are the 4 zones in a neuron?
- Input zone
- Integration zone
- Conduction zone
- Output zone
What does the input zone do?
Receives information from other cells through dendrites
What does the integration zone do?
Cell body region where inputs are combined and transformed
What is the conduction zone?
Single axon leads away from the cell body and transmits the electrical impulse
What is the output zone?
Axon terminal at the end of the axon communicate activity to other cells
Axon terminal at the end of the axon communicate activity to other cells
What do dendrites look to get?
Info from other parts of the cell
Through what do neurons send info to other neurons?
Neurotransmission
What do axons have?
Myelin sheaf
What is myelin sheaf?
Protective coding
Are there more glial cells or neurons in the brain?
Glial cells
What do astrocytes detect?
Neural active and regulate adjacent capillaries - neurons need blood
