Cofactors, Coenzymes and Inhibitors Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a cofactor?

A

Non-protein inorganic molecules or ions that help the enzyme and substrate bind together more easily.

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2
Q

What is an example of a cofactor in real life?

A

Chloride ions are cofactors for amylase.

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3
Q

What doesn’t happen to cofactors in a reaction?

A

Changed or used up

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4
Q

When does a cofactor get called a prosthetic group?

A

If the cofactor is permanently bound to an enzyme.

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5
Q

What is an example of a prosthetic group in real life?

A

ZN2+ ions are a prosthetic group for carbonic anhydrase in red blood cells.

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6
Q

What is a coenzyme?

A

Organic molecules that act as a second substrate.

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7
Q

What happens to the coenzymes in a reaction?

A

They are changed by the reaction.

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8
Q

What are coenzymes used for?

A

Carry chemicals between different enzymes.

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9
Q

Are coenzymes used up in reactions?

A

No-they are continually recycled.

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10
Q

Where are many coenzymes derived from?

A

Vitamins.

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11
Q

What are inhibitors?

A

Molecules that can bind to an enzyme and prevent it from working.

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12
Q

What are the two types of inhibitors?

A

-Competitive
-Non-competitive

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13
Q

What are competitive inhibitors?

A

Molecules with a similar shape to the substrate that blocks the active site.

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14
Q

What are non-competitive inhibitors?

A

Bind to an enzyme away from the active site which changes the shape of the enzyme so the substrate no longer fits.

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15
Q

What is the other site called in non-competitive inhibitors?

A

Allosteric site

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16
Q

When does an Allosteric Site occur?

A

When the non-competitive enzyme bonds away from the active site.

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17
Q

What will be the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction with competitive inhibitors?

A

Substrate concentration will cause the rate of reaction to increase because the substrate is more likely to bind to the active site than the inhibitor.

18
Q

What will be the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction with non-competitive inhibitors?

A

Increasing the substrate concentration will not cause the rate of reaction to increase because the substrate can’t fit into the active site

19
Q

What are the further two types of inhibitors?

A

-Reversible
-Non-Reversible

20
Q

What is a reversible Inhibitor?

A

Can be removed from the enzyme because the bind to the enzyme via weak iconic or hydrogen bonds.

21
Q

What is a non-reversible inhibitor?

A

Can’t be removed from the enzymes because the bind the the enzyme via strong covalent bonds.

22
Q

What is End-product inhibition?

A

Term used for enzyme inhibition that occurs when the product of a reaction acts as an inhibitor to the enzyme that produces it.

23
Q

What does the end-product inhibition serve as?

A

As a negative feedback control mechanism for the reaction.

24
Q

In End-Product Inhibition, what is not made or wasted?

A

Excess products are not made and resources are not wasted.

25
Q

What is respiration?

A

A metabolic pathway resulting in the production of ATP

26
Q

How is glucose broken down?

A

1st-addition of 2 phosphate groups to the glucose molecule.

27
Q

What does the addition of the 2nd phosphate group result in?

A

The initial breakdown of the glucose molecule and is catalysed by PFK.

28
Q

Why does this enzyme cause ATP to regulate it’s own production?

A

This enzyme is completely inhibited by ATP.

29
Q

What happens when levels of ATP are high?

A

More ATP binds to the allosteric site on PFK, preventing the addition of the second phosphate group to glucose.

30
Q

When ATP levels are high, what happens to glucose and the ATP production?

A

Glucose is not broken down and ATP is not produced at the same rate.

31
Q

What happens as ATP is used up?

A

Less ATP binds to PFK and the enzyme is able to catalyse the addition of a second phosphate group to glucose. Respiration resumes, leading to the production of more ATP.

32
Q

What are Inactive Precursor enzymes?

A

Many enzymes are produced in an inactive form.

33
Q

Many enzymes are produced in inactive forms, particularly which enzymes?

A

Enzymes that can cause damage within the cells producing them
Tissues where they are released
Enzymes whose action needs to be controlled

34
Q

What often needs to happen to precursor enzymes?

A

A change in shape (tertiary structure) particularly active site, to be activated.

35
Q

How can this need for a change in shape alternatively be achieved?

A

By the addition of a cofactor

36
Q

Before a cofactor is added, what is the precursor protein called?

A

Apoenzyme

37
Q

After a cofactor is added and the enzyme is added what is it called?

A

Holoenzyme.

38
Q

How could a change in the tertiary structure be brought about?

A

By the action of another enzyme.

39
Q

A change in conditions could result in what?

A

A change in tertiary structure and activates a precursor enzyme.

40
Q

What are these types of precursor enzymes called?

A

Zymogens or proenzymes

41
Q

What happens when inactive pepsinogen is released into the stomach to digest proteins?

A

The acid pH brings around the transformation into the active enzyme pepsin.

42
Q

What does this adaptation do?

A

Protects the body tissues against the digestive action of pepsin.