Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Foundations of Medicine > Cofactors > Flashcards

Cofactors Flashcards

1
Q

What are the redox cofactors?

A

NADH, NADPH, FAD/FMN, and Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the vitamin precursor for NADH and NADPH?

A

niacin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some sources of niacin in the diet?

A

meat, whole grains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What deficiency is associated with a deficiency in niacin?

A

Pellagra – dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of reactions are NADPH involved in and what are some examples?

A

Detox and biosynthetic reactions

ex. cytochrome P450, HMG-CoA Reductase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the vitamin precursor for FAD/FMN?

A

Riboflavin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What dietary sources are there for riboflavin?

A

milk, eggs, organs, mushrooms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is characteristic in riboflavin deficiency?

A

Cheilosis, glossitis, normacytic anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What types of reactions are FAD/FMN involved in and what are some examples?

A

Reaction: dietary oxidation

ex. CoQ, Succinate dehydrogenase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the precursor for ascorbic acid?

A

Vitamin C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the disease associated with deficient amounts of vitamin C?

A

Scurvy = slow wound healing, apathy, anemia

results in an inability to make collagen fibers due to lack of prolyl and lysyl hydroxylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Vitamin C is involved in what types of reactions?

A

Reactions: collagen synthesis, neurotransmitter synthesis (Dopamine –> norepinephrine), and O2 sensing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the different activation-transfer cofactors?

A

Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), lipoate, CoA, biotin, cobalamin, and pyridoxal phosphatase (PLP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the vitamin precursor of thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP)?

A

Thiamine (vitamin B1)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some diseases associated with vitamin B1 (TPP) deficiency?

A

Beriberi = cardiac problems or neuropathy; Wernike encephalopathy, Karsokoff psychosis, megaloblastic anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What type of reactions are TPPs involved in?

A

Decarboxylations

Ex. pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1 subunit)

17
Q

What is the precursor of lipoate?

A

nothing!! hopefully this didn’t trick you…

18
Q

What type of reactions is lipoate involved in and what are some examples?

A

Transfers from decarboxylase to active site

ex. pyruvate dehydrogenase (E2 subunit), transacylase of a-KG DH

19
Q

What is the precursor of CoA?

A

pantothenoic acid (vitamin B5)

20
Q

What type of reactions is CoA involved in and what are some examples?

A

Reactions: covalently bind acyl groups

Ex. Coenzyme A

21
Q

What is the precursor for biotin?

A

nada

22
Q

What are causes for biotin deficiency?

A

eating lots of raw eggs (avidin)

23
Q

What are characteristics of biotin deficiency?

A

scaly dermatitis, alopecia

24
Q

What type of reactions is biotin involved in and what are some examples?

A

Reactions: carboxylation, FA synthesis, gluconeogenesis (prosthetic groups)
Ex. Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC), pyruvate carboxylase

25
Q

What is the vitamin precursor for pyridoxial phosphate (PLP)?

A

vitamin B6

26
Q

What are some dietary sources of vitamin B6?

A

cereal, bananas, meat, rice

27
Q

What are some characteristics of vitamin B6 deficiency? What are some of these diseases?

A

seizures, diarrhea, anemia in infants, peripheral neuropathy in adults

Disease: pyridoxine dependent epilepsy (PDE), antiquitin deficiency

28
Q

What types of reactions is PLP involved in and what are some examples?

A

Reactions: amino acid metabolism, produce niacin from Trp

ex. transaminase –> ALT, AST

29
Q

What is the vitamin precursor for cobalamin?

A

vitamin B12

30
Q

What are some dietary sources of vitamin B12?

A

bacteria (milk, meat)

31
Q

What are deficiencies of vitamin B12 caused by and what are some characteristics of these diseases?

A

Causes: veganism, GI absorption problems
Characteristics: megaloblastic anemia, weakness, FTT, seizures

32
Q

What type of reactions is vitamin B12 involved in and what is an example?

A

Reaction: transfer and rearrangement of methyl groups

Ex. methionine synthase (folate pathway)

33
Q

Pernicious anemia is caused by a deficiency of what vitamin? And what is the pathophysiology behind this disease?

A

vitamin B12

Pathophys: B12 binds to R-binders in the stomach and travels to the intestine where the R-binders are destroyed by pancreatic proteases; B12 then binds with intrinsic factor (secreted from parietal cells in the stomach) and this complex is transported to GI tract to be absorbed in the ileum or returned to the liver by transcobalamins (TC). Since intrinsic factor is deficient, B12 is not able to circulate to the GI tract.

Foundations of Medicine (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions