Coeliac Disease Flashcards
What is coeliac disease?
Coeliac disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by gluten sensitivity.
What is the prevalence of coeliac disease in the UK?
Approximately 1% of the population is affected by coeliac disease.
Which gender is more commonly affected by coeliac disease?
Women are more likely to be affected, accounting for around two-thirds of cases.
What are common gastrointestinal symptoms of coeliac disease?
Diarrhoea, abdominal pain, bloating, and weight loss.
What are some non-gastrointestinal symptoms of coeliac disease?
Fatigue, anaemia, osteoporosis, and dermatitis herpetiformis.
What is the primary cause of coeliac disease?
An autoimmune reaction to gluten, a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye.
What genetic factors are associated with coeliac disease?
Strong associations with HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 alleles.
What is the pathophysiology of coeliac disease?
Ingestion of gluten leads to an immune response that damages the small intestinal mucosa, resulting in villous atrophy and malabsorption.
What are the risk factors for developing coeliac disease?
Family history of coeliac disease, other autoimmune disorders, and certain genetic markers (HLA-DQ2/DQ8).
What clinical examination findings might suggest coeliac disease?
Signs of malnutrition, pallor (due to anaemia), abdominal distension, and dermatitis herpetiformis.
What initial blood tests are useful in diagnosing coeliac disease?
Anti-tissue transglutaminase antibodies (anti-TTG) and total IgA levels.
What is the role of endoscopy in coeliac disease diagnosis?
To obtain small bowel biopsies for histological examination, confirming villous atrophy.
What are common differential diagnoses for coeliac disease?
Irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, lactose intolerance, and wheat allergy.
What is the mainstay of management for coeliac disease?
A lifelong strict gluten-free diet.
What complications can arise from untreated coeliac disease?
Hyposplenism, iron deficiency anaemia, malnutrition, osteoporosis, small bowel T-cell lymphoma, and vitamin B12 and folate deficiency.
How does coeliac disease affect nutrient absorption?
Damage to the small intestinal mucosa leads to malabsorption of nutrients, including iron, calcium, vitamin D, vitamin B12, and folate.
What is dermatitis herpetiformis?
A chronic, itchy, blistering skin condition associated with coeliac disease.
Why might patients with coeliac disease develop osteoporosis?
Malabsorption of calcium and vitamin D can lead to decreased bone mineral density.
What is the significance of HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8 in coeliac disease?
These genetic markers are present in the majority of individuals with coeliac disease and are used to assess genetic susceptibility.
Can coeliac disease present without gastrointestinal symptoms?
Yes, some individuals may have non-gastrointestinal symptoms or be asymptomatic.
What is the recommended dietary advice for someone with coeliac disease?
Complete avoidance of gluten-containing foods, including those made with wheat, barley, and rye.
How is adherence to a gluten-free diet monitored in coeliac disease patients?
Regular follow-up with healthcare providers, monitoring of symptoms, and periodic measurement of anti-TTG antibodies.
What is the role of a dietitian in managing coeliac disease?
To provide education on a gluten-free diet, ensure nutritional adequacy, and offer support for dietary adherence.
Are oats safe for individuals with coeliac disease?
Pure, uncontaminated oats may be safe for some individuals, but cross-contamination with gluten-containing grains is a concern; it’s best to consult with a healthcare provider.
What is the potential impact of coeliac disease on pregnancy?
Untreated coeliac disease can lead to complications such as infertility, miscarriage, and low birth weight; adherence to a gluten-free diet can improve outcomes.
