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Biology Units > Codon Meiosis > Flashcards

Codon Meiosis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why is sexual reproduction more common in multicellular organisms compared to asexual reproduction?

A

Sexual reproduction results in increased genetic variation

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2
Q

What is the main advantage of sexual reproduction in coevolving species, according to the Red Queen hypothesis?

A

Genetic variation among offspring

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3
Q

What is the result of the first meiotic division in terms of ploidy?

A

Haploid cells

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4
Q

Which process separates the two sister chromatids and creates four haploid daughter cells in meiosis?

A

Cytokinesis

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5
Q

In a certain species, a diploid parent cell has 12 chromosomes. How many chromosomes will each haploid daughter cell have after the completion of meiosis?

A

6 chromosomes

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6
Q

During which phase of meiosis II do sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell?

A

Anaphase II

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7
Q

How many haploid cells are formed at the end of meiosis II if the starting cell is diploid?

A

4 Haploid Cells

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8
Q

What is the main difference between mitosis and meiosis in terms of the resulting cells?

A

Mitosis results in genetically identical cells, while meiosis results in genetically distinct cells.

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9
Q

Which event occurs during meiosis I but not during mitosis?

A

Synapsis and crossing over between homologous chromosomes

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10
Q

Which type of life cycle is characterized by a multicellular diploid stage and haploid reproductive cells?

A

Diploid-dominant life cycle

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11
Q

According to Mendel’s experiments with garden peas, what was the ratio of purple flowers to white flowers in the F2 generation?

A

3:1

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12
Q

Which probability rule states that the probability of two independent events occurring together can be calculated by multiplying the individual probabilities of each event occurring alone?

A

The Product Rule

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13
Q

If a dihybrid cross involves two characteristics, each with a dominant and recessive trait, and the probability of having the dominant trait for each characteristic is 3/4, what is the probability of having both dominant traits in the F2 generation?

A

9/16

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14
Q

What is the expected genotypic ratio in the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross between two true-breeding parents?

A

1:2:1

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15
Q

In a dihybrid cross between pea plants that are heterozygous for the tall/dwarf and inflated/constricted alleles (TtIi), how many possible combinations of offspring genotypes are there?

A

16

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16
Q

After a germ cell (a gamete-generating cell) undergoes meiosis I, each of the daughter cells is:

A

Haploid with the same n as the original germ cell

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17
Q

How do the n number and ploidy change during meiosis? Compared to the parent cell before meiosis, the gametes after meiosis have

A

Lower ploidy and no change in n number

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18
Q

A germ cell (n=24; ploidy=2) undergoes meiosis. Which of the following statements regarding the outcomes of meiosis is true?

A

The cells at the end of meiosis I will be n=24; ploidy=1

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19
Q

Independent assortment refers to which of the following?

A

Each daughter cell randomly inheriting one of the two homologous chromosomes in meiosis I

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20
Q

One of the characteristics that differentiates all haploid cells from all diploid cells is that:

A

Haploid cells have one full set of chromosomes while diploid cells have two full sets

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21
Q

Which of the following occurs during prophase I of meiosis but not prophase of mitosis?

A

Tetrads are present

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22
Q

Which option represents the correct order of events in meiosis I?

A

Crossing over between homologous chromosomes – each homologous pair attaches to both spindle poles – separation of homologous chromosomes – cytokinesis

23
Q

A researcher views a chimpanzee zygote (fertilized egg) under a microscope and observes that it has 48 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would be in a chimpanzee’s gamete?

A

24

24
Q

A gray wolf’s sperm contains 39 chromosomes. He mates with a female gray wolf.

How many chromosomes will there be in the resulting zygote?

A

78

25
Q

Germ cells are the types of cells that form gametes. Prior to undergoing meiosis to form gametes, human germ cells should have:

A

n=23, ploidy=2

26
Q

Germ cells are the types of cells that form gametes. After gametes are formed via meiosis, the human gametes have:

A

n=23,ploidy=1

27
Q

Somatic cells of red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) are diploid and contain 36 chromosomes. How many chromosomes do their gametes (egg and sperm cells) contain?

A

18

28
Q

Which of the following statements accurately compares somatic cells and gametes?

A

Somatic cells have 2n chromosomes and gametes have n chromosomes.

29
Q

What is the major distinction between anaphase I and anaphase II of meiosis?

A

Homologous chromosomes separate in anaphase I; sister chromatids separate in anaphase II

30
Q

A coyote’s sperm contains 30 chromosomes. He mates with a female coyote. How many chromosomes will there be in the resulting zygote? Q17

A

60

31
Q

What is the characteristic of the heterozygote phenotype in incomplete dominance?

A

It exhibits an intermediate phenotype between the two parental traits.

32
Q

Which term describes the expression of both alleles for the same characteristic in a heterozygote?

A

Codominance

33
Q

What is the term used to describe the phenomenon where one mutant allele is dominant over all other phenotypes, including the wild type?

A

Complete Dominance

34
Q

Which of the following statements about the rabbit coat color alleles is true?

A

The wild-type allele is dominant over chinchilla and Himalayan alleles.

35
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the concept of epistasis?

A

The interaction between genes in which one gene masks or interferes with the expression of another.

36
Q

In families where both parents are heterozygous for a recessive trait, what is the probability of their having a child with the homozygous dominant genotype?

A

0.25

37
Q

An allele is considered dominant if:

A

Only one copy is needed to see the associated phenotype

38
Q

Imagine a set of genes controlling hair color and finger webbing in merpeople. For the hair color gene, the dominant allele (G) produces green hair and the recessive allele (g) produces blue hair. For the finger webbing gene, webbed fingers (F) is dominant and unwebbed fingers is recessive (f). A mermaid who is heterozygous for hair color and who had unwebbed fingers had a father with blue hair and webbed fingers and a mother with green hair and webbed fingers. What was the genotype of the mermaid’s mother (as completely as possible)?

A

The mother must be heterozygous at the finger webbing gene (Ff) but could be either homozygous or heterozygous at the hair color gene (GG or Gg)

39
Q

Cystic fibrosis is a disease in humans that follows an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance and is caused by mutations in a single gene. An unaffected couple has two children. The first child has cystic fibrosis and the second child is unaffected. The genotype of the father…

A

Cc

40
Q

In families where both parents are heterozygous for a recessive trait, what is the probability of their having a child with the homozygous recessive genotype?

A

0.25

41
Q

In swine, the normal cloven-footed condition is produced by the recessive allele s, while the fused-hoof (syndactyly) condition is produced by the dominant allele S. White coat color is governed by the dominant allele of another locus, B, and black by its recessive allele, b. A white cloven-footed boar is mated with a black, fused-hoof sow and they have several litters. All of the 36 offspring are white, but 17 have fused hooves (syndactyly) and 19 have cloven feet. What are the most likely genotypes of the parents?

A

ssBB x Ssbb

42
Q

Cystic fibrosis is a disease in humans that follows an autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance and is caused by mutations in a single gene. An unaffected couple has two children. The first child has cystic fibrosis and the second child is unaffected. What is the probability that a third child would be a carrier (heterozygous) for the mutation that causes the disease?

A

1/2

43
Q

Imagine a simplified breed of horses in which there is a single gene that codes for coat color that has two alleles; the dominant allele codes for black coat (B) and the recessive allele codes for brown coat (b). Another gene codes for the gait, where the dominant allele codes for trotters (T) and the recessive allele codes for pacers (t). A black pacer mated to a brown trotter produces many offpsring, all of which are black trotters. What are the most likely genotypes of the two parents?

A

BBtt and bbTT

44
Q

In families where both parents are heterozygous for a recessive trait, what is the probability of their having a child who is also heterozygous?

A

0.50

45
Q

Imagine a set of genes controlling hair color and finger webbing in merpeople. For the hair color gene, the dominant allele (G) produces green hair and the recessive allele (g) produces blue hair. For the finger webbing gene, webbed fingers (F) is dominant and unwebbed fingers is recessive (f). A mermaid who is heterozygous for hair color and who had unwebbed fingers had a father with blue hair and webbed fingers and a mother with green hair and webbed fingers. What was the genotype of the mermaid’s father (as completely as possible)?

A

The father must be heterozygous at the finger webbing gene (Ff) but homozygous at the hair color gene (gg)

46
Q

Which of the following is TRUE of genetic linkage?

A

Alleles on the same chromosome are more likely to be inherited together if they are physically close together on the chromosome.

47
Q

Recombination is most likely to occur between

A

Genes that are farther apart on the same chromosome

48
Q

In humans, the chromosome types are numbered 1-22. The centromeres of chromosomes are often not located in the exact center of the chromosome, resulting in one side being longer than the other. The longer side is called the long arm (q) and the shorter side is called the short arm (p). The gene that causes Apert syndrome is located on the short arm (p) of chromosome 10. Recombination is MOST likely to occur between the locus for Apert syndrome and:

A

The IDE gene, which is located on the long arm (q) of chromosome 10

49
Q

This is an image of crossing over during recombination, which shows:

A

Sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes

50
Q

In a species of butterfly, it is most common for some butterflies to have either yellow wings with many spots or white wings with no spots. Rarely, there are butterflies with yellow wings and no spots or white wings with many spots. Which genetic arrangement accounts for these observations?

A

Wing color and spot number genes are close together on the same chromosome

51
Q

A chromosome in flies has one gene that controls wing length, and another gene that controls body color. A true-breeding red-bodied, short-winged female is crossed with a true-breeding yellow-bodied, long-winged male. Using these offspring numbers, what is the recombination frequency between the body color gene and the wing length gene?

A

10%

52
Q

Based on the pedigree, the allele that causes hemophilia is…

A

Recessive to the allele that results in no hemophilia because there are affected individuals whose parents are unaffected

53
Q
A

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