coding capacity and duration Flashcards

1
Q

What is encoding

A

The format of the information

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2
Q

stm for encoding?

A

acoustic encoding (baddeley - acoustic intereference in stm)

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3
Q

ltm for encoding

A

semantic encoding (baddeley - semantic interference in ltm)

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3
Q

What is the sensory register for encoding?

A

Multiple stores ; main are echoic (auditory) and iconic (visual)

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4
Q

what is capacity

A

amount of information that can be held

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5
Q

what is the sensory register for capacity

A

large capacity

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5
Q

what is the stm for capacity

A

7 + 2 items of information
jacobs - digit span technique
miller - chunking 7 items

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6
Q

whats the ltm for capacity

A

potentially unlimited

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7
Q

what is the ltm for duration

A

up to a lifetime

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8
Q

what is duration

A

the length of time information is held

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9
Q

what is the sensory registry for duration

A

milliseconds (1/2 second)

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10
Q

whats the stm for duration

A

up to 18 seconds without rehearsal (Peterson and Peterson )

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11
Q

what is ltm

A
  • continual storage of information which is largely outside of our awareness, but can be recalled when needed
  • info stored semantically, meaning it can hold potentially unlimited amount of information for up to a lifetim
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12
Q

what is a sensory register

A
  • composed of multiple sections,
  • capable of holding large amounts of information ,
  • only able to retain for a very short time
  • for information to pass further into memory system, attention is required
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13
Q

research on capacity - stm

A

jacobs (1887)
- used serial digit span - ppts are given a string of letters.numbers to learn and repeat back
- found that the capacity of stm is limited

  • average recall - digits
    9.3 letters = 7.3
  • so we can only roughly remember 7 items in stm

miller (1956) chunking may help with this e.g 5932180 = 593/2180

miller found that the average digit span/capacity of items in stm is 7 (plus/minus 2)

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13
Q

what is the stm

A
  • the info we are currently aware of/ thinking about
  • info from stm found in from paying attention to sensory information
  • info stored acoustically (sounds) for 18 to 20 seconds without rehearsal
  • has a limited capacity so can only hold only 7+2 items (miller 1956)
14
Q

research on during for stm

A

Peterson and Peterson 1959

P presented with trigrams (string of 3 consonants e.g xqf) and asked to recall the after 3, 6 ,9 12 15 or 18 seconds, counted in 3’s to prevent rehearsal

found that 80% of accuracy rate for trigram recall after 3 seconds, 10% accuracy y after 18 seconds

suggests that stm duration is limited to roughly 18 seconds when rehearsal is prevented

15
Q

evaluation for capacity - stm

A

study out of date
lack of control
replicated

16
Q

evaluation for duration on stm

A

highly controlled, reliable (can be replicated)

low external validity (not applicable to real life)

17
Q

research on duration for ltm

A

barrack et al 1975

  • 392 graduates aged 17-74
  • recall tested using high school year book by photo recognition and free recall

results. - with photos - 90% accuracy after 15 years, 50-60% accuracy after 48 years , free recall even less (60% and 30%)

supports idea that ltm has a lifetime duration and is semantically encoded

18
Q

evaluation for duration on ltm

A

limited duration or affected by other factors e.g age

high external validity (application to real life)

19
Q

research on coding

A

baddeley - 1966
-acousticallly similar words e.g cat cab can
-acoustically dissimilar words e.g pit few cow

-sematically similar words e.g great large big
-semantically dissimilar words e.g good huge hot

stm - acoustically similar words were harder to recall than words with dissimilar sounds

ltm - recall was worse for semantically similar words than semantically dismillar words

conclusion - stm codes acoustically, ltm codes semantically

20
Q

evaluation for research on coding

A

artificial stimuli, no personal meaning

lack of gerenalisability

high control of extraneous variables - reilability